Re: snippets
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/518516_2
Shedding in highly immunocompromised persons may last weeks to months.
Compared with adults, children can shed virus earlier before illness begins and for longer
periods once illness starts
In 1 report, at least 4 illnesses (8% of the total) in children were associated with
presymptomatic shedding that began6, 4, 3, and 3 days, respectively, before illness onset.[5]
The median duration of virus detection is typically 7−8 days after illness onset, but shedding
for up to 21 days has been recorded.
In 1 study, virus was shed by 10% of children on days 8−11, by 5% on days 12−15,
and by 0% on days 16−19.[6]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2646474/?tool=pubmed
The proportion of transmission by asymptomatic individuals, defined as Theta (Τ) in transmission
models, is assumed to be one-third to one-half that of influenza-infected symptomatic individuals.2,8,9
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21888808
During an epidemiologic investigation of pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 virus infection
in May 2009 in Osaka, Japan, we found 3 clusters in which virus transmission occurred
during the presymptomatic phase.
Possible healthcare-associated pH1N1 transmission was identified in 9 (14%) of 63 exposed HCP;
6 (67%) of 9 seropositive HCP had asymptomatic infection.
T-cell immune responses and asymptomatic H5N1 influenza infection.
Epstein S.
NY,May,2009:
79 household contacts in 28 households, 19% had serologically confirmed pH1N1 infection,
28% of those infected were asymptomatic. Serologically confirmed infection
by age of contacts: <10y:36%, 10-18y: 46%,19-54y: 8%, >55y:22%
very low probability of asymptomatic infection in 1918
high frequency of prior immunity due to the spring wave (or perhaps to cross-reactive immunity)
Apr2008-Aug2009, Thailand,991(16·5%) of 5995 pediatric ILI patients tested positive.
442 index children with 1147 household members, 221<6y.
397(89·8%)index patient slept in the parents' bedroom.
2ndary attack rate = 21·5%, 56/345(16·3%) 2ndary cases were asymptomatic.
Berlin:84 households with 82, 69 and 67 contacts,2009/10-2010/11
2ndary AR =16% (35/218). facemasks and hand hygiene effective
The lack of age-pattern in seropositivity is unexpected, perhaps highlighting the
importance of children as asymptomatic transmitters of influenza in households
Boarding school,pH1N1, n=1570,infection rate=32%,attack rate=22.2%,
asymptomatic infection rate=9.9% Sharing a classroom OR=2.17 dormitory space OR=2.32
Opening windows did help
9.4% asymptomatic in Quebec
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.in Portugal flu gave 247/M all-cause excess deaths
3-6 fold higher for A(H3N2) vs.H1N1/B.
1980–2004
all cause excess deaths = 2475 rate=26/100000 , 3% of total deaths Oct-May
cerebrovascular:3.2%
ischemic heart disease:2.0%
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Influenza virus infection triggers a cytokine cascade that aggravates ischemic brain
damage and increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage after tissue plasminogen activator treatment.
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To our knowledge, there are no reports of asymptomatic infections with influenza A/H1N1 in
immunosuppressed patients. We present the first case of a young heart transplant recipient
who remained asymptomatic despite positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after exposure
to individuals with influenza A/H1N1.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17335831
acute phase proteins (APP) plasma C-reactive protein , serum amyloid A (SAA)
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influenza A infection led to a dramatic increase in gene expression, particularly of TLRs,
C-type lectin receptors, several complement components, as well as FcεR1.
Vaccination induced a prominent APR with increased WBC, elevated blood
levels of SAA and fibrinogen, and decreased serum iron concentrations
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Antiviral effects of Psidium guajava Linn. (guava) tea
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22453134
Capture of influenza viruses and prevention of their infection by coral mineral powder (sango mineral powder).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22451428
Evaluation of the antiviral activity of a green tea solution as a hand-wash disinfectant.
Protective effect of ginseng polysaccharides on influenza viral infection.
Antiviral effect of the egg wax of Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae).
novel compound with antiviral activity depending on PA subunit of viral RNA polymerase.
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Moderate influenza vaccine effectiveness in Victoria, Australia, 2011.
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IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza.
IFITM3 Inhibits Influenza A Virus Infection by Preventing Cytosolic Entry
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3203188/?tool=pubmed
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Detection of influenza A virus based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer from quantum
dots to carbon nanotubes.
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We have demonstrated, using Segminator II, that it is possible to distinguish platform specific
error from biological variation using data derived from two different platforms
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20832494
69000 hospitalizations,USA-CA.
flu-vax gave ~10% fewer hospitalizationd for P+I but no significant effect on hospitalizations
for ischemic heart disease (IHD), congestive heart failure (CHF), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), or trauma.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20887208
n=36636,pneumovax+fluvax ->35% (or 65%?)fewer deaths from all causes, 43% from pneumonia,
33% ischemic stroke,48% from acute myocardial infarction. 41% fewer coronary admissions
55% fewer intensive care submissions
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22470518
association between periods of low dew point temperature and above normal pneumonia and
influenza mortality 17 days later in New York
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Influenza cases increased significantly with minimal temperatures and high visibility.
in Niamey, Niger , 2009/10
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00286.x/abstract
-----------------------------------
EPs® 7630 (Umckaloabo®), an extract from Pelargonium sidoides roots,
exerts anti-influenza virus activity in vitro and in vivo.
------------------------------
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22026455
Our results do not support the hypothesis that high doses of vitamin D supplementation
will have a pronounced effect on influenza-like disease in populations not targeted for
high influenza risk.
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unlikely that seasonal variations in vitamin D levels principally determine the seasonality
of influenza in temperate regions.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3108988/?tool=pubmed
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885414/?tool=pubmed
Concentrations of 38 ng/ml or more were associated with a significant (p<0.0001)
two-fold reduction in the risk of developing acute respiratory tract infections
..........................................................................................
http://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(10)02497-5/fulltext
In temperate latitudes even pandemic influenzas often show a clear seasonality.
The data support the hypothesis that high fluences of UVB radiation (vitamin D level),
as occur in the summer, act in a protective manner with respect to influenza.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22333084
association between climate factors and the seasonality of influenza A was complicated
The effect of the factors including mean temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and
absolute humidity on the seasonality of influenza A were similar
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Our results also indicate that, like in the case for influenza A virus, transmission of influenza B
viruses is enhanced at colder temperatures, providing an explanation for the seasonality of
influenza epidemics in temperate climates.
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When a weather-dependent ILI factor is included in the model, the epidemic size of influenza-like
illness becomes dependent not only on the susceptibility of the population at the beginning of the
epidemic season but also on the weather conditions during which the epidemic unfolds.
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With the occurrence of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009, we observed a change in the seasonality
of influenza activity in Hong Kong with a seemingly corresponding change in the activity of respiratory
syncytial virus,parainfluenza virus, and adenovirus during 2009-2011. This phenomenon could most
likely be explained by virus interference.
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Variations in mortality were also related to extreme temperatures: cold winters periods and hot
summers periods were associated with excess mortality in Denmark
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Influenza in Thailand annually presents two peaks, a major peak during the rainy season
(June-August) and a minor peak in winter (October-February)
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Peak influenza activity was observed from June to August in Delhi, Pune, and Kolkata
and October to December in Chennai. Maximum influenza activity was seen during the
rains in Delhi, Pune, Chennai, and Kolkata in correlation with virus isolations.
Year-round limited influenza activity with peaks during rains was observed
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Higher levels of PM(10) and NO(2), which are typically markers of traffic related pollution,
seem to be associated with transiently increased risk of myocardial infarction 1-6 hours
after exposure, but later reductions in risk suggest that air pollution may be associated
with bringing events forward in time ("short-term displacement") rather than increasing
overall risk. The well established effect of air pollution on cardiorespiratory mortality may
not be mediated through increasing the acute risk of myocardial infarction, but through
another mechanism.
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absolute humidity stronger associated with flu in Japan than relative humidity
AH at flu onset in 7 and 12 in subsidience out of 14 seasons, respectively.
AH strongly correlates with the onset and subsidence of influenza epidemics.
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Shortcomings of vitamin D-based model simulations of seasonal influenza
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The results indicated an association between coarser PM fractions (PM10 and PM10-2.5)
and respiratory-specific mortality on the one hand, and between PM2.5 and cardiovascular
-specific mortality on the other. While the risk of mortality due to exposure to particulate
matter was greater in summer than in winter, this difference was statistically significant
solely for total organic-cause mortality. (Madrid)
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Influenza was highly seasonal in southern Africa.
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The central questions in influenza seasonality remain unresolved
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080923/?tool=pubmed
Further, recent evidence points to a link between increased influenza activity and the rainy
season in several tropical populations
Shaman et al. (2010) showed that the relationship between AH and virus survival is
consistent with observations in the United States where anomalously low AH conditions
generally precede the onset of influenza epidemics by approximately 2 weeks.
The hypothesis that seasonal variation in immunity explains influenza seasonality is supported
by observations that humans are less likely to experience influenza-like symptoms after manual
inoculation with influenza viruses during interepidemic periods relative to common epidemic
months (Shadrin et al. 1977).
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Antiviral activity of crude extracts of Eugenia jambolana Lam. against H5N1
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66806 , 2012-04-09
With the occurrence of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009, we observed a change in the seasonality
of influenza activity with a seemingly corresponding change in the activity of respiratory syncytial virus,
parainfluenza virus, and adenovirus during 2009-2011. This phenomenon could most likely be explained
by virus interference
---------------------------------------------
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22405488
In England and Wales 7000-25000 deaths were associated with influenza in the winter periods 1999-2009.
2.5-8.1% of deaths in >75y were caused by influenza.
RSV accounted for 5000-7500 deaths each winter season
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in USA among adults aged >65 years ~ 14000 deaths a year have been attributed to RSV
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http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/H1N1
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66837,2012.04.12
Quantification of dust-borne transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus between chickens.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22485199
----------------------------
66971
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H5N1 in Cambodia
Persistence of infectious virus did not exceed 4 days, and was only identified in rain water.
No infectious virus particles were detected in pond and lake water or mud even when high
inoculum doses were used. However, viral RNA persisted up to 20 days in rain water
and 7 days in pond or lake water. Viral RNA was also detected in mud samples,
up to 14 days post-contamination in several cases. Infectious virus and viral RNA was detected
in few cases in the aquatic fauna and flora, especially in bivalves and labyrinth fish,
although these organisms seemed to be mostly passive carriers of the virus rather than
host allowing virus replication.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22511824
~180 yearly deaths per M due to flu in N-China cities 2003-2008 and ~113 in S-China cities.
124 resp. 88 of these from respiratory and circulatory
Mortality wa higher for B than for A.
[their chart for S.city deaths seems not to well correlate with flu - no impact of Aug.-waves
and deaths increase before flu starts]
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346(14%) out of 2500 deaths in Bangladesh 2009 in selected hospitals had ILI before death
estimated flu-deathrate = 110/M/y , 125 for >59
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3317934/
3 strains of pH1 transmitted well by aerosols in ferrets
1 strain of oH1 transmitted badly, the better aerosol x the less virulent
level of exhaled virus, infectious particle size, mucosal inflammation, viral replication efficiency
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
67002
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22516927
A non-nucleoside, 4-[(4-butylphenyl)amino]-2-methylene-4-oxo-butanoic acid (D282),
inhibited influenza A and B CPE by 50% at 6-31 µM.
Ribavirin at 14-44 µM . D282 and ribavirin inhibited virus yield by 90%
at 9.5±3.3 and 10.8±3.2 µM, respectively.
D282 (<100 mg/kg/day) failed to prevent death of mice infected with influenza.
----------------------------------------
No Association between 2008-09 Influenza Vaccine and Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09
Virus Infection, Manitoba, Canada, 2009.
-----------------------------------------
http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20146
Adjusted VE was 43% in europe 2011/12
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67025
In vitro anti-influenza virus and anti-inflammatory activities of theaflavin derivatives.
--------------------------------
67121
enzymatic polymerisation confers immunoactivating potential to phenylpropanoic acids,
and CD4 plays a key role in their cytokine-inducing activity.
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67202
Here, we describe the difference in predicted RNA secondary structure stability that exists between avian, swine and human coding regions. The results predict that global ordered RNA structure exists in influenza A segments 1, 5, 7 and 8, and that ranges of free energies for secondary structure formation differ between host strains
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a Vero cell-based HPAI H5N1 vaccine candidate (H5N1/YNVa) with stable high yield was achieved by reassortment of the Vero-adapted (Va) high growth A/Yunnan/1/2005(H3N2) (YNVa) virus with the A/Anhui/1/2005(H5N1) attenuated
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(v) favipiravir, which is primarily pursued for the treatment of influenza virus infections
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Effectiveness of hand hygiene and provision of information in preventing influenza cases requiring hospitalization.
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