Discussion: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Wuhan has been working with bats and coronavirus for many years - DNA manipulations, cloning.... - Ja

[Kathy]

Another interesting article on CoVs in pangolin:

Liu, P.; Chen, W.; Chen, J.-P. Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica). Viruses 2019, 11, 979

"All these Malayan pangolins were rescued by the Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Center, however, 16 died after extensive rescue efforts. Most of the dead pangolins had a swollen lung which contained a frothy liquid, as well as the symptom of pulmonary fibrosis, and in the minority of the dead ones, we observed hepatomegaly and splenomegaly."

Most of the pangolins were also infected with Herpes virus, that, please correct me if I am wrong, present a furin cleavage site.

I could not find CoVs sequences submitted in NCBI from this work, but I came to MT084071 (I already posted some information on this sequence here https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum...um/824873-discussion-2019-ncov-genetics/page3), that is not properly sequenced and is most probably related to this work (see author list in the NCBI form below)

LOCUS MT084071 27213 bp RNA linear VRL 20-FEB-2020 DEFINITION Pangolin coronavirus isolate MP789 genomic sequence. ACCESSION MT084071 VERSION MT084071.1 KEYWORDS . SOURCE Pangolin coronavirus ORGANISM Pangolin coronavirus Viruses; Riboviria; Nidovirales; Cornidovirineae; Coronaviridae; Orthocoronavirinae; Betacoronavirus; unclassified Betacoronavirus. REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 27213) AUTHORS Jiang,J.-Z., Liu,P. and Chen,J.-P. TITLE Are pangolins an intermediate host of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) ? JOURNAL Unpublished REFERENCE 2 (bases 1 to 27213) AUTHORS Jiang,J.-Z., Liu,P. and Chen,J.-P. TITLE Direct Submission JOURNAL Submitted (13-FEB-2020) SCSFRI, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (SCSFRI, CAFS), 231# Xingangxi Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China.

Also this sequence was submitted after the outbreak of SARS-CoV2. I do not know how the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences could be interested in the topic.

More details on MT084071 are given in: Genetic evolution analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus and coronavirus from other species Chun Li, Yanling Yang, Linzhu Ren
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567134820301167?via=ihub

They mention: "Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin coronavirus is also highly related (Lam et al., 2020; Xiao et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020b), but due to incomplete sequence of pangolin coronavirus published in GenBank, reasonable analysis cannot be carried out in this study".

 

[Emily]

https://www.marketwatch.com/story/d...navirus-may-have-leaked-from-a-lab-2020-02-22

Opinion: Author argues the coronavirus behind the COVID-19 outbreak may have leaked from a Chinese virology lab
Published: Feb. 22, 2020 at 3:39 p.m. ET
BySteven W. Mosher

The lone microbiology lab in China that handles viruses like the coronavirus is located in Wuhan

...
And then there is this little-known fact: Some Chinese researchers are believed to sell laboratory animals to street vendors after they have finished experimenting on them.

You heard me right.

Instead of properly disposing of infected animals by cremation, as the law requires, they sell them on the side to make a little extra cash. Or, in some cases, a lot of extra cash. One Beijing researcher, now in jail, made the equivalent of a million dollars selling monkeys and rats on the live animal market, whence they likely wound up in someone’s stomach...

 

[Emily]

https://thebulletin.org/2020/03/expe...research-lab/#

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
Experts know the new coronavirus is not a bioweapon. They disagree on whether it could have leaked from a research lab

By Matt Field, March 30, 2020
...
Professor Richard Ebright of Rutgers University’s Waksman Institute of Microbiology, a biosecurity expert who has been speaking out on lab safety since the early 2000s, does agree with the Nature Medicine authors’ argument that the new coronavirus wasn’t purposefully manipulated by humans, calling their arguments on this score strong. Ebright helped The Washington Post debunk a claim that the COVID-19 outbreak can somehow be tied to bioweapons activity, a conspiracy theory that’s been promoted or endorsed by the likes of US Sen. Tom Cotton, Iran’s supreme leader, and others.

But Ebright thinks that it is possible the COVID-19 pandemic started as an accidental release from a laboratory such as one of the two in Wuhan that are known to have been studying bat coronaviruses.

https://thebulletin.org/about-us/

More quotes from Joe Pompeo 4/10/20 Vanity Fair interview of Ebright:

He also told Ignatius about a video taken in December from the nearby Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, allegedly showing staff “collecting bat coronaviruses with inadequate [personal protective equipment] and unsafe operational practices.”

“Many microbiologists, molecular biologists, and biosecurity/biosafety policy specialists agree that the possibility cannot be dismissed,” he said. “Virologists—especially virologists who perform gain-of-function or global-virome research, whose research likely would be restricted or terminated if the possibility were confirmed—tend to disagree.”

My last question for Ebright was whether he thinks the lab theory will ever be conclusively confirmed or debunked. “It will not be possible to assign a numerical probability to the lab-accident scenario without a forensic investigation,” he said. “A forensic investigation would require access to lab facilities, samples, records, and personnel, and would include environmental sampling of facilities and serological sampling of personnel. A forensic investigation—if one occurs—would face the same challenges as the 2001–2008 investigation of the 2001 anthrax mailings in the U.S., plus additional challenges arising from more time to alter evidence and from dealing with a government not known for transparency and introspection.” The one thing Ebright is confident of? “The probability is substantial.”

 

[sharon sanders]

State Department cables warned of safety issues at Wuhan lab studying bat coronaviruses

April 14, 2020 at 6:00 a.m. EDT

snip

What the U.S. officials learned during their visits concerned them so much that they dispatched two diplomatic cables categorized as Sensitive But Unclassified back to Washington. The cables warned about safety and management weaknesses at the WIV lab and proposed more attention and help. The first cable, which I obtained, also warns that the lab’s work on bat coronaviruses and their potential human transmission represented a risk of a new SARS-like pandemic.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/opini...coronaviruses/

 

[Pathfinder]

China clamping down on coronavirus research, deleted pages suggest

Move is likely to be part of attempt to control the narrative surrounding the pandemic

Stephanie Kirchgaessner, Emma Graham-Harrison and Lily Kuo
Sat 11 Apr 2020 08.33 EDTLast modified on Sat 11 Apr 2020 14.28 EDT
...
Two websites for leading Chinese universities appear to have recently published and then removed pages that reference a new policy requiring academic papers dealing with Covid-19 to undergo extra vetting before they are submitted for publication.

Research on the origins of the virus is particularly sensitive and subject to checks by government officials, the notices posted on the websites of Fudan University and the China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) said. Both the deleted pages were accessed from online caches.

Prof Steve Tsang, director of the SOAS China Institute in London, said the Chinese government had had a heavy focus on how the evolution and management of the virus is perceived since the early days of the outbreak.
...
“If these documents are authentic it would suggest the government really wants to control the narrative about the origins of Covid-19 very tightly,” said Tsang of the reports of new regulations.

China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) appears to have published and then deleted new requirements that academic papers dealing with the origins of the virus be approved by China’s ministry of science and technology before publication.
...
Another notice, which appears to have been published on 9 April by the school of information science and technology at Fudan University in Shanghai, called for “strict and serious” management of papers investigating the source of the outbreak.
...
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2...on-coronavirus-research-deleted-pages-suggest

-------------------------------------------------------------------

Links of the 2 notices provided by The Guardian:

Translation Google:

Notice on Strengthening the Management of Publication of Scientific Papers on New Coronary Pneumonia

Modification time: 2020-04-05 09:03:43 Browse times:Times

Colleges and related units:

According to the requirements of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the actual situation of the school, the management of the papers on the research results of new coronary pneumonia research is now strengthened.

1. Academic papers on the traceability of the new coronavirus must be reviewed by the academic committee of the school before publication, focusing on the authenticity of the paper and whether it is suitable for publication. After the review is passed, the school reports to the Ministry of Science and Technology, which can only be published after the review by the Ministry of Science and Technology.

2, academic research on other new crown of pneumonia , prior to publication must Academic Committee review, review papers focused on academic value and timing of publication. After the review is passed, the academic committee of the school forms a written conclusion, and the corresponding author of the thesis will sign it for future reference.

Contact: Tian Yongchang, Science and Technology Affairs Center, Zhang Yunshu 67885043, mugfzb@126.com



Academy of Science and Technology Development

April 5, 2020

http://webcache.googleusercontent.c.../info/1193/5233.htm+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=de


-------------------------------------------------------

Notice on the publication of papers on the achievements of scientific research on new coronary pneumonia and strengthening management
Every teacher:

Now the Academy of Sciences has reissued a notice on the publication of the research results of the new coronary pneumonia research and strengthening management. If you are involved, please follow the instructions.

Chen Guoping ( it@fudan.edu.cn )

College of Information Science and Engineering

Discipline Research Office

Room 416, Science Building

Phone: 65643149

-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------

Notice on the publication of academic papers related to the New Coronary Pneumonia Epidemic

Relevant universities:

According to the State Council, the new crown pneumonia epidemic prevention and control mechanism of scientific public opinion research group of special classes 3 Yue 25 -day meeting requirements related to the new academic crown pneumonia epidemic requires the use of category management approach to audit record. The relevant matters are hereby notified as follows:

1. Papers related to virus tracing should be managed strictly. After the paper is reviewed and approved by the academic committee of the college, fill in the traceability paper submission form (Annex 1 ), scan it into a PDF after the seal of the college, and send it to our contact email. After the review of the research team of the scientific research team of our company is approved, we will reply to the email notification Submissions can only be made after school.

2. Other papers related to the new coronary pneumonia epidemic should be reviewed by the academic committee of the college, and after the academic value and timing of the papers are in place, put forward opinions on whether to publish them at home and abroad. The submission form of the review opinion of the academic committee for the publication of the paper (Annex 2 ) can only be submitted after being filed in the school's scientific research institute.

3. The publication of papers must adhere to the bottom line of biosecurity, and matters related to the management of human genetic resources must be examined and approved in strict accordance with regulations. The release of the results of the vaccine should be in line with the schedule and cannot be exaggerated; the drug efficacy evaluation and clinical experience should be summed up in time to form a high-quality paper.

Contact person and telephone: Zhou Bin Li Renjie

010-66096298 66096301

Contact email: kjsjcc@moe.edu.cn

https://web.archive.org/web/20200409053204/http://www.it.fudan.edu.cn/Data/View/3657

 

[Treyfish]

​​​​​​​Sources believe coronavirus originated in Wuhan lab as part of China's efforts to compete with US

Published 1 hour ago
Last Update 18 mins ago
Sources believe coronavirus originated in Wuhan lab as part of China's efforts to compete with US

By Bret Baier, Gregg Re | Fox News

EXCLUSIVE: There is increasing confidence that COVID-19 likely originated in a Wuhan laboratory not as a bioweapon, but as part of China's effort to demonstrate that its efforts to identify and combat viruses are equal to or greater than the capabilities of the United States, multiple sources who have been briefed on the details of early actions by China's government and seen relevant materials tell Fox News.

This may be the "costliest government coverup of all time," one of the sources said.

The sources believe the initial transmission of the virus was bat-to-human, and that "patient zero" worked at the laboratory, then went into the population in Wuhan.

The “increasing confidence” comes from classified and open-source documents and evidence, the sources said. Fox News has requested to see the evidence directly.
.....Documents detail early efforts by doctors at the lab and early efforts at containment. The Wuhan wet market initially identified as a possible point of origin never sold bats, and the sources tell Fox News that blaming the wet market was an effort by China to deflect blame from the laboratory, along with the country's propaganda efforts targeting the U.S. and Italy....
There were doctors and journalists who were "disappeared" warning of the spread of the virus and its contagious nature and human to human transmission. China moved quickly to shut down travel domestically from Wuhan to the rest of China, but did not stop international flights from Wuhan.

Additionally, the sources tell Fox News the World Health Organization (WHO) was complicit from the beginning in helping China cover its tracks....
:tiphat: https://www.foxnews.com/politics/cor...ete-us-sources

 

[Treyfish]

video :tiphat:https://video.foxnews.com/v/6149726249001#sp=show-clips

 

[Treyfish]

APRIL 15, 2020
Leaked State Department cables add weight to the theory that COVID-19 started in a Wuhan virology lab


The evidence continues to pile up

Oliver Bunic/Bloomberg via Getty Images
PHIL SHIVER

In 2018 — nearly two years before the start of the global coronavirus pandemic — U.S. officials in China sent warnings to Washington expressing safety concerns over a Wuhan facility's research into coronaviruses in horseshoe bats, adding weight to the theory that the novel virus originated in a lab and not at a Wuhan wet market.

The news broke in a report Wednesday by Josh Rogin of the Washington Post, who said that he obtained access to the first of two diplomatic cables sent from State Department officials who had visited the Wuhan Institute of Virology in January and March 2018....

According to Rogin, in January 2018, the U.S. Embassy in Beijing sent American science diplomats to the Wuhan lab, which had in 2017 become the first lab in China to achieve BSL-4 clearance, or the highest level of bioresearch safety. That clearance — granted by a Chinese accrediting agency — allowed researchers at the lab to study the world's most dangerous pathogens.
...:tiphat:https://www.theblaze.com/news/state-...n-virology-lab

 

[Treyfish]

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. President Donald Trump said on Wednesday his government is trying to determine whether the coronavirus emanated from a lab in Wuhan, China, and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said Beijing “needs to come clean” on what they know....:tiphat:https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-he...1Y011?rpc=401&

 

[Treyfish]

'Increasing confidence' China blamed coronavirus on wet market to deflect from Wuhan lab escape: Report

by Jerry Dunleavy
| April 15, 2020 09:13 Pm

.....The report said the virus was first transmitted from bat-to-human and “patient zero” was a lab employee who was accidentally infected before spreading the disease outside the lab. Records outlining initial reactions at the lab as well as early attempts to contain the virus are said to exist. Sources also characterized the World Health Organization as being part of a cover-up from the very beginning.

Fox News reporter John Roberts added more details while asking President ***** about the claims during Wednesday’s White House coronavirus task force press briefing.

“Multiple sources are telling Fox News today that the United States now has high confidence that, while the coronavirus is a naturally occurring virus, it emanated from a virology lab in Wuhan, that, because of lax safety protocols, an intern was infected, who later infected her boyfriend, and then went to the wet market in Wuhan, where it then began to spread,” Roberts said......
.......A report by Yahoo News on Tuesday cited nine current and former national security officials who confirmed U.S. spy agencies are looking into whether the novel coronavirus started as an inadvertent lab escape.

The New York Times reported that Matthew Pottinger, the deputy national security adviser, also suspected the coronavirus may have originated in a Wuhan laboratory.

Richard Ebright, a professor of chemical biology at Rutgers University, told the Washington Examiner, “The first human infection could have occurred as a natural accident, with a virus passing from bat to human, possibly through another animal.” But the professor added, “The first human infection also could have occurred as a laboratory accident, with a virus accidentally infecting a laboratory worker.”......:tiphat:https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/n...-escape-report

 

[gjs47]

FluTrackers posted an article on a professor from Mexico who visited Wuhan in December and presented COVID symptoms upon returning to Mexico. Is it possible he is associated with Wuhan lab/university....The patient is of Asian descent and is a researcher of viral and bacterial pathogenesis at the IPN genomic biotechnology laboratory in Reynosa. (bat specific) also Singapore University.
https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/reynosa-man-who-flew-to-china-possible-victim-of-coronavirus/

Originally posted January 22, 2020 by Shiloh on FluTrackers

 

[gsgs]

more concerning than these stories from US-News agencies was the report of
Shi Zhengli's reaction when on a conference in Shanghai, her boss on the cellphone reported
about the cases in Wuhan. "Why Wuhan", she thought, considering the prevalence of bats
and coronaviruses, "could it have escaped from our lab ?"
[unconfirmed story, I think I read it in some Chinese newspaper some days ago]
Later on Feb02, when she knew the sequences, she said :
"nature punishing the uncivilized habits and customs of humans",
[I'm willing to] bet my life that [the outbreak] has nothing to do with the lab."
---------------------------
I think, all the Chinese reactions and comments would have been different, if they had indeed known about this virus before.
But could it have been done without their knowledge ? Some secret (military?) authority using an extra freezer, extra facilities
outside the usual research for a new virus that they had accidently found somewhere ...
-----edit-------------
I found it here :
https://www.scientificamerican.com/a...onavirus1/?amp
Shi breathed a sigh of relief when the results came back: none of the sequences matched
those of the viruses her team had sampled from bat caves. “That really took a load off my mind,
” she says. “I had not slept a wink for days.”

 

[gsgs]

so, before seeing the sequences, she had considered it quite possible, that the virus had escaped
their lab and caused the outbreak.
This already shows, that it was too risky and that they didn't care enough about security.
The science was more important.
----------------------------------
I do recall this feeling from the H5N1 discussion back in 2012
[Fouchier,Kawaoke gain of Function experiments , Racaniello,Palese vs. Ebright,Osterholm,]
and from reading the reports about the Taubenberger 1918 publishings.
I had missed the H1N1 discussion, when I first entered flublogia in Dec2005 , but found it
later in the archives. It was much material, I spent many hours reading them, searching for more
resources etc. I must have threads here and at TBM still available. Also likely somewhere on my HD.
And it became clear to me, that the whole Taubenberger-logic was flawed.
(Wasn't Fauci one of the main proponents for publishing, playing down the risk ?)
I don't remember the details and why I became convinced.
Not mainly about the magnitude of the risk, but rather about the arguments, the logics,
the process how the decisions and conclusions were achieved.
And I can well imagine that such things are even a lot worse in China.

 

[Emily]

Looks like you could weaponize a bat coronavirus pretty easily with trypsin. Maybe an accidental spill in a contaminated area could do it.

Trypsin Treatment Unlocks Barrier for Zoonotic Bat Coronavirus Infection

Vineet D. Menachery, Kenneth H. Dinnon III, Boyd L. Yount Jr., Eileen T. McAnarney, Lisa E. Gralinski, Andrew Hale, Rachel L. Graham, Trevor Scobey, Simon J. Anthony, Lingshu Wang, Barney Graham, Scott H. Randell, W. Ian Lipkin, Ralph S. Baric

Journal of Virology Feb 2020, 94 (5) e01774-19; DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01774-19

If you sampled human workers for emerging viruses in these labs and other animal interface situations, that would seem more efficient in preventing new human diseases than sampling every bird or mammal on the planet.

 

[Treyfish]

China didn’t warn public of likely pandemic for 6 key days

April 15, 20203:25 am
Top Chinese officials secretly determined they were likely facing a pandemic from a new coronavirus in mid-January, ordering preparations even as they downplayed it in public.

Internal documents obtained by the AP show that because warnings were muffled inside China, it took a confirmed case in Thailand to jolt Beijing into recognizing the possible pandemic before them...:tiphat:https://kwwl.com/2020/04/15/china-di...or-6-key-days/

 

[sharon sanders]

China denies accusations COVID-19 was made in a lab

660 views
•Apr 16, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUr3-W6kFXo

 

[sharon sanders]

China didn’t warn public of likely pandemic for 6 key days

April 15, 20203:25 am
Top Chinese officials secretly determined they were likely facing a pandemic from a new coronavirus in mid-January, ordering preparations even as they downplayed it in public.

Internal documents obtained by the AP show that because warnings were muffled inside China, it took a confirmed case in Thailand to jolt Beijing into recognizing the possible pandemic before them...:tiphat:https://kwwl.com/2020/04/15/china-di...or-6-key-days/

On the site the following information posted by various members of our team - publicly available:

The gap started when Wuhan municipal government made a notice on January 5 - where they reported 59 cases link

The next official announcement about the status was on January 11 - where they reported 41 cases link

I know...the case count went down...?

Then on January 12 they said there were no new cases. link

On January 13, again, they said there were no new cases. link

January 14, again, they said there were no new cases link

January 15, again, they said there were no new cases, reported a 2nd death link

January 16, 4 new cases were announced for a new total of 45 link

 

[gsgs]

so, this was Hubei, not Beijing. Beijing fired the top Hubei officials for that some weeks later (AFAIR).
They clearly wanted to contain it. They had the plan in place. Why should they have waited then ?
It became harder and costlier every day

-----------edit------
I hadn't read the full story about the AP secret documents ... read it now here:
https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/...sponse-coronavirus-shows-missteps/5138308002/
still could have been Wuhan/Hubei who misinformed Beijing

 

[Emily]

We have to be willing to endure some costs and difficulties in order to check centralized powers.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41111-016-0045-8
China’s decision to pursue market reform in the late 1970s brought about notable changes in the nature of central–provincial relations. To encourage the provinces to pursue economic development, the reformers adopted the two-pronged strategy of decentralizing power to subnational units and deepening integration with the global economy. The combination of decentralization and globalization, however, has given the problem of localism a new dimension, challenging central supremacy and national unity (Zheng 2006; Sheng 2010).

 

[Treyfish]

​​​​​​​Bat Coronaviruses in China

Bat Coronaviruses in China

settingsOpen AccessReview
​​​​​​​

by i Fan[SUP] 1,2[/SUP]

​,Kai Zhao[SUP] 1,2[/SUP],Zheng-Li Shi[SUP] 1,2[/SUP]

​ andPeng Zhou[SUP] 1,2,*[/SUP]

​
[SUP]1[/SUP]
CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
[SUP]2[/SUP]
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
[SUP]*[/SUP]
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2019, 11(3), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030210
Received: 29 January 2019 / Revised: 26 February 2019 / Accepted: 26 February 2019 / Published: 2 March 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses and Bats 2019)
Download PDF
Browse Figures
Cite This Paper
Abstract


During the past two decades, three zoonotic coronaviruses have been identified as the cause of large-scale disease outbreaks–Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome (SADS). SARS and MERS emerged in 2003 and 2012, respectively, and caused a worldwide pandemic that claimed thousands of human lives, while SADS struck the swine industry in 2017.
They have common characteristics, such as they are all highly pathogenic to humans or livestock, their agents originated from bats, and two of them originated in China. Thus, it is highly likely that future SARS- or MERS-like coronavirus outbreaks will originate from bats, and there is an increased probability that this will occur in China. Therefore, the investigation of bat coronaviruses becomes an urgent issue for the detection of early warning signs, which in turn minimizes the impact of such future outbreaks in China. The purpose of the review is to summarize the current knowledge on viral diversity, reservoir hosts, and the geographical distributions of bat coronaviruses in China, and eventually we aim to predict virus hotspots and their cross-species transmission potential.
Keywords: coronavirus; bat; epidemiology; cross-species; zoonosis
1. Introduction

Fifteen years after the first highly pathogenic human coronavirus caused the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) outbreak, another severe acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) devastated livestock production by causing fatal diseases in pigs. Both outbreaks began in China and were caused by coronaviruses of bat origin [1,2]. This increased the urgency to study bat coronaviruses in China to understand their potential of causing another virus outbreak.
In this review, we collected information from past epidemiology studies on bat coronaviruses in China, including the virus species identified, their host species, and their geographical distributions. We also discuss the future prospects of bat coronaviruses cross-species transmission and spread in China.2. Why Study Bat Coronaviruses in China?

2.1. Coronavirus Taxonomy

Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae and the order Nidovirales. CoVs have an enveloped, crown-like viral particle from which they were named after. The CoV genome is a positive-sense, single-strand RNA (+ssRNA), 27–32 kb in size, which is the second largest of all RNA virus genomes. Typically, two thirds of the genomic RNA encodes for two large overlapping polyproteins, ORF1a and ORF1b, that are processed into the viral polymerase (RdRp) and other nonstructural proteins involved in RNA synthesis or host response modulation. The other third of the genome encodes for four structural proteins (spike (S), envelope (E), mem.....:tiphat:​​​​​​​https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/3/210/htm