This article was written in September 2020
The deadly viruses that vanished without trace
By Zaria Gorvett
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Like its close relative Covid-19, Sars had many of the necessary qualities for world domination ? it was an RNA virus, meaning it was able to evolve rapidly, and it was spread through droplets expelled when breathing, which are hard to avoid. At the time, many experts were concerned that the virus could cause devastation on the same level as the HIV crisis, or even the 1918 flu pandemic, which infected a third of the world?s population and killed 50 million.
Instead, Sars disappeared as abruptly as it arrived.
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Unfortunately this situation is extremely unusual. Other than Sars, only two other viruses have ever been driven to extinction on purpose ? smallpox and rinderpest, which affects cattle. ?It?s not trivial. It?s really very difficult when you have a virus that?s well adapted,? says Stanley Perlman, a microbiologist at the University of Iowa.
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?Sars went away because there's no other obvious host,? says Perlman. Sars is thought to have made the leap to humans via a palm civet, a tree-dwelling jungle mammal that?s considered a delicacy in China. Perlman points out that the virus couldn?t just retreat back to this species, because they aren?t commonly infected ? the individual animal that gave it to a human was probably one of very few which were infected, and may have caught it directly from a bat.
The same cannot be said for Covid-19... ?With Covid-19, the reservoir is now us,? says Perlman. In fact, it?s become so much of a human virus that scientists have begun to wonder if it will spread the other way around ? from humans to wildlife, in a kind of ?reverse spillover?, if you will. This would make it even harder to stamp out.
This brings us to another possible scenario, which involves viruses that exist continuously in people. While they may well be with our species forever, it turns out individual lineages of virus vanish remarkably regularly.
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It turns out that anyone who died before 1893 will never have been infected with any of the influenza A strains that exist today. That?s because every flu virus that existed in humans until about 120 years ago has gone extinct. The strain that caused the 1918 pandemic has also disappeared, as has the one that led to the 1957 avian flu outbreak, which killed up to 116,000 people in the US, and the type of flu that was circulating in 2009, before swine flu emerged.
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https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200918-why-some-deadly-viruses-vanish-and-go-extinct