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J Clin Virol
. 2022 Oct 18;157:105321.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105321. Online ahead of print.
NVX-CoV2373-induced cellular and humoral immunity towards parental SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs compared to BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273-regimens
Franziska Hielscher 1 , Tina Schmidt 1 , Verena Klemis 1 , Alexander Wilhelm 2 , Stefanie Marx 1 , Amina Abu-Omar 1 , Laura Ziegler 1 , Candida Guckelmus 1 , Rebecca Urschel 1 , Urban Sester 3 , Marek Widera 2 , Martina Sester 4
Affiliations
- PMID: 36279695
- DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105321
Abstract
Background: The NVX-CoV2373-vaccine has recently been licensed, although knowledge on vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immunity towards the parental strain and variants of concern (VOCs) in comparison to mRNA-regimens is limited.
Methods: In this observational study, 66 individuals were recruited to compare immunogenicity and reactogenicity of NVX-CoV2373 with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. Vaccine-induced antibodies were analyzed using ELISA and neutralization assays, specific CD4 and CD8 T-cells were characterized based on intracellular cytokine staining using flow-cytometry after antigen-specific stimulation with parental spike or VOCs.
Results: Two doses of NVX-CoV2373 strongly induced anti-spike IgG, although IgG-levels were lower than after vaccination with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 (p = 0.006). Regardless of the vaccine and despite different IgG-levels, neutralizing activity towards VOCs was highest for Delta, followed by BA.2 and BA.1. The protein-based vaccine failed to induce any spike-specific CD8 T-cells which were detectable in 3/22 (14%) individuals only. In contrast, spike-specific CD4 T-cells were induced in 18/22 (82%) individuals, although their levels were lower (p<0.001), had lower CTLA-4 expression (p<0.0001) and comprised less multifunctional cells co-expressing IFNγ, TNFα and IL-2 (p = 0.0007). Unlike neutralizing antibodies, NVX-CoV2373-induced CD4 T-cells equally recognized all tested VOCs from Alpha to Omicron. In individuals with a history of infection, one dose of NVX-CoV2373 had similar immunogenicity as two doses in non-infected individuals. The vaccine was overall well tolerated.
Conclusion: NVX-CoV2373 strongly induced spike-specific antibodies and CD4 T-cells, albeit at lower levels as mRNA-regimens. Cross-reactivity of CD4 T-cells towards the parental strain and all tested VOCs may hold promise to protect from severe disease.
Keywords: Antibodies; COVID-19; Coronavirus; Neutralization; SARS-CoV-2; T-cells; Vaccination; Variant of concern.