Nutrition . Clinical efficacy of eucaloric ketogenic nutrition in the COVID-19 cytokine storm: A retrospective analysis of mortality and intensive care unit admission

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Nutrition


. 2021 Mar 7;89:111236.
doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111236. Online ahead of print.
Clinical efficacy of eucaloric ketogenic nutrition in the COVID-19 cytokine storm: A retrospective analysis of mortality and intensive care unit admission


Samir Giuseppe Sukkar ¹ , Ludovica Cogorno ² , Livia Pisciotta ³ , Andrea Pasta ³ , Antonio Vena ⁴ , Raffaella Gradaschi ³ , Chiara Dentone ⁴ , Erica Guiddo ³ , Eleonora Martino ³ , Sabrina Beltramini ⁵ , Lorenzo Maria Donini ⁶ , Luca Carmisciano ⁷ , Maria Pia Sormani ⁷ , Matteo Bassetti ⁴ , GECOVID Study Group



Affiliations

• PMID: 33895559
• DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111236

Abstract

Objectives: Our primary objective was to explore the effect of a eucaloric ketogenic diet (EKD) on mortality, admission to the intensive care unit, and need for non-invasive ventilation in hospitalized patients with COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19), in comparison to a eucaloric standard diet. Secondary objectives were verification of the safety and feasibility of the diet and its effects on inflammatory parameters, particularly interleukin-6.
Methods: The study is a retrospective analysis of 34 patients fed with an EKD in comparison to 68 patients fed with a eucaloric standard diet, selected and matched using propensity scores 1:2 to avoid the confounding effect of interfering variables. Our hypothesis was that an EKD would reduce mortality, admission to the intensive care unit, and need for non-invasive ventilation in patients with COVID-19.
Results: The preliminary multivariate analysis showed a statistically significant difference in survival (P = 0.046) and need for the intensive care unit (P = 0.049) for the EKD compared with a eucaloric standard diet. Even considering the EKD start day as a time-dependent variable, the results maintain a positive trend for application of the diet, and it is not possible to reject the null hypothesis (P < 0.05). Interleukin-6 concentrations between t0 and t7 (7 d after the beginning of the diet) in the ketogenic nutrition group show a trend that is almost significant (P = 0.062). The EKD was safe and no adverse events were observed.
Conclusions: These results show a possible therapeutic role of an EKD in the clinical management of COVID-19. Currently, a prospective controlled randomized trial is running to confirm these preliminary data.

Keywords: Aerobic glycolysis; COVID-19; Cytokine storm syndrome; Hyperglycemia; IL-6; Ketogenic diet; SARS-CoV-2; Warburg effect.