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Open Vet J
. 2025 May;15(5):1866-1879.
doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.3. Epub 2025 May 31. The global burden of swine influenza and its mitigation
Dewa Ketut Meles 1 , Aswin Rafif Khairullah 2 , Rimayanti Rimayanti 3 , Imam Mustofa 3 , Wurlina Wurlina 3 , Suzanita Utama 3 , Tita Damayanti Lestari 3 , Sri Mulyati 3 , Riza Zainuddin Ahmad 2 , Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses 4 , Syahputra Wibowo 5 , Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala 2 , Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani 6 , Ima Fauziah 2 , Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih 7 , Lili Anggraini 8 , Fitrine Ekawasti 2 , Adeyinka Oye Akintunde 9
Affiliations
Swine influenza, often known as swine flu, is a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza virus (IAV) called swine influenza virus (SIV). There are currently multiple subtypes of IAV in pigs, including H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. While the other subtypes of IAV were only detected in pigs, the H1N1 strain was isolated from infected people. The process of SIV infection is similar to that of other respiratory viral infections: the virus enters the body through aerosol, and the infection spreads quickly to the nasal cavity and epithelium of major airways. Immune responses such as innate, mucosal, and systemic immunity (both humoral and cellular immunity) are triggered by IAV infection. SIVs, like the 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain, can be easily transmitted from pigs to humans, thereby causing significant public health concerns. People who contract new swine influenza infections have bexperienceiety of symptoms that resemble those of seasonal influenza. Pandemics like the 2009 H1N1 pandemic have substantial economic impacts due to the costs associated with prevention, treatment, and hospitalization. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic, a new strain of the H1N1 virus, spread rapidly to over 200 countries, causing an estimated 284,400 deaths worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. The primary symptoms are fever, chills, headache, runny nose, body aches, joint pain or myalgia, cough, sore throat, and exhaustion. The hemagglutinin sequence of SIVs is the primary basis for the development of polymerase chain reaction tests. In mammals, influenza viruses are spread by direct or indirect contact with nasal secretions, as well as by droplets and aerosols released during coughing and sneezing. Swine influenza most commonly attacks children aged 5 years and over and teenagers. This illness is treated with antibiotics, which help prevent bacterial pneumonia and other secondary illnesses in calves weakened by influenza. There is now an injectable vaccine for influenza A. Wholistic preventive approach and appropriate biosafety measures are important strategies for preventing the occurrence of viruses.
Keywords: IAV; SIV; pig; public health; virus.
. 2025 May;15(5):1866-1879.
doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.3. Epub 2025 May 31. The global burden of swine influenza and its mitigation
Dewa Ketut Meles 1 , Aswin Rafif Khairullah 2 , Rimayanti Rimayanti 3 , Imam Mustofa 3 , Wurlina Wurlina 3 , Suzanita Utama 3 , Tita Damayanti Lestari 3 , Sri Mulyati 3 , Riza Zainuddin Ahmad 2 , Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses 4 , Syahputra Wibowo 5 , Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala 2 , Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani 6 , Ima Fauziah 2 , Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih 7 , Lili Anggraini 8 , Fitrine Ekawasti 2 , Adeyinka Oye Akintunde 9
Affiliations
- PMID: 40557091
- PMCID: PMC12184450
- DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.3
Swine influenza, often known as swine flu, is a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza virus (IAV) called swine influenza virus (SIV). There are currently multiple subtypes of IAV in pigs, including H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. While the other subtypes of IAV were only detected in pigs, the H1N1 strain was isolated from infected people. The process of SIV infection is similar to that of other respiratory viral infections: the virus enters the body through aerosol, and the infection spreads quickly to the nasal cavity and epithelium of major airways. Immune responses such as innate, mucosal, and systemic immunity (both humoral and cellular immunity) are triggered by IAV infection. SIVs, like the 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain, can be easily transmitted from pigs to humans, thereby causing significant public health concerns. People who contract new swine influenza infections have bexperienceiety of symptoms that resemble those of seasonal influenza. Pandemics like the 2009 H1N1 pandemic have substantial economic impacts due to the costs associated with prevention, treatment, and hospitalization. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic, a new strain of the H1N1 virus, spread rapidly to over 200 countries, causing an estimated 284,400 deaths worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. The primary symptoms are fever, chills, headache, runny nose, body aches, joint pain or myalgia, cough, sore throat, and exhaustion. The hemagglutinin sequence of SIVs is the primary basis for the development of polymerase chain reaction tests. In mammals, influenza viruses are spread by direct or indirect contact with nasal secretions, as well as by droplets and aerosols released during coughing and sneezing. Swine influenza most commonly attacks children aged 5 years and over and teenagers. This illness is treated with antibiotics, which help prevent bacterial pneumonia and other secondary illnesses in calves weakened by influenza. There is now an injectable vaccine for influenza A. Wholistic preventive approach and appropriate biosafety measures are important strategies for preventing the occurrence of viruses.
Keywords: IAV; SIV; pig; public health; virus.