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Microorganisms
. 2022 Jan 12;10(1):153.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10010153.
Extra-Pulmonary Complications in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Comprehensive Multi Organ-System Review
Taylor J Louis 1 , Ahmad Qasem 1 , Latifa S Abdelli 1 , Saleh A Naser 1
Affiliations
- PMID: 35056603
- DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010153
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is typically presented with acute symptoms affecting upper and lower respiratory systems. As the current pandemic progresses, COVID-19 patients are experiencing a series of nonspecific or atypical extra-pulmonary complications such as systemic inflammation, hypercoagulability state, and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). These manifestations often delay testing, diagnosis, and the urge to seek effective treatment. Although the pathophysiology of these complications is not clearly understood, the incidence of COVID-19 increases with age and the presence of pre-existing conditions. This review article outlines the pathophysiology and clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on extra-pulmonary systems. Understanding the broad spectrum of atypical extra-pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 should increase disease surveillance, restrict transmission, and most importantly prevent multiple organ-system complications.
Keywords: ACE2; COVID-19; RAAS; SARS-CoV-2; infection; viruses.