Int J Biol Sci . Cytokine storm in COVID-19: from viral infection to immune responses, diagnosis and therapy

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Int J Biol Sci


. 2022 Jan 1;18(2):459-472.
doi: 10.7150/ijbs.59272. eCollection 2022.
Cytokine storm in COVID-19: from viral infection to immune responses, diagnosis and therapy


Yizhou Jiang ¹ , Limor Rubin ² , Tangming Peng ¹ , Linlin Liu ¹ , Xingan Xing ¹ , Philip Lazarovici ³ , Wenhua Zheng ¹



Affiliations

• PMID: 35002503
• PMCID: PMC8741849
• DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59272

Abstract

The COVID-19 outbreak is emerging as a significant public health challenge. Excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, also known as cytokine storm, is a severe clinical syndrome known to develop as a complication of infectious or inflammatory diseases. Clinical evidence suggests that the occurrence of cytokine storm in severe acute respiratory syndrome secondary to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is closely associated with the rapid deterioration and high mortality of severe cases. In this review, we aim to summarize the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the subsequent immunological events related to excessive cytokine production and inflammatory responses associated with ACE2-AngII signaling. An overview of the diagnosis and an update on current therapeutic regimens and vaccinations is also provided.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; cytokine storm; cytokines; diagnosis; immune response; therapy; vaccination.