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Healthcare (Basel)
. 2021 Dec 8;9(12):1704.
doi: 10.3390/healthcare9121704.
Trends in COVID-19 Health Disparities in North Carolina: Preparing the Field for Long-Haul Patients
Thais Muratori Holanda 1 , Claudia Alberico 1 , Leslimar Rios-Colon 1 , Elena Arthur 1 , Deepak Kumar 1
Affiliations
- PMID: 34946430
- DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9121704
Abstract
Long-term coronavirus disease 2019 (long-COVID) refers to persistent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) lingering beyond four weeks of initial infection. Approximately 30% of COVID-19 survivors develop prolonged symptoms. Communities of color are disproportionately affected by comorbidities, increasing the risk of severe COVID-19 and potentially leading to long-COVID. This study aims to identify trends in health disparities related to COVID-19 cases, which can help unveil potential populations at risk for long-COVID. All North Carolina (NC) counties (n = 100) were selected as a case study. Cases and vaccinations per 1000 population were calculated based on the NC Department of Health and Human Services COVID-19 dashboard with reports current as of 8 October 2021, which were stratified by age groups and race/ethnicity. Then, NC COVID-19 cases were correlated to median household income, poverty, population density, and social vulnerability index themes. We observed a negative correlation between cases (p < 0.05) and deaths (p < 0.01) with both income and vaccination status. Moreover, there was a significant positive association between vaccination status and median household income (p < 0.01). Our results highlight the prevailing trend between exacerbated COVID-19 infection and low-income/under-resourced communities. Consequently, efforts and resources should be channeled to these communities to effectively monitor, diagnose, and treat against COVID-19 and potentially prevent an overwhelming number of long-COVID cases.
Keywords: COVID-19; health disparity; long-COVID; persistent; symptoms.