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Int J Infect Dis
. 2026 Mar 3:108514.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108514. Online ahead of print.
Lack of Respiratory Droplet Transmission of Two Recent Human Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses in Female Ferrets
Tong Wang 1 , Chunyang Gu 1 , Lizheng Guan 1 , Asim Biswas 1 , Tadashi Maemura 1 , Hassanein H Abozeid 2 , Peter J Halfmann 1 , Gabriele Neumann 1 , Amie J Eisfeld 1 , Yoshihiro Kawaoka 3
Affiliations
Background: Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) (HPAI H5N1) viruses are widespread globally and have transmitted from birds to dairy cattle at least four times in the United States, including once by a genotype B3.13 virus and three times by genotype D1.1 viruses. Despite their prevalence and known ability to infect humans, only a few studies have examined respiratory droplet transmission capabilities of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in mammalian models of influenza infection.
Methods: Here, we assessed respiratory droplet transmission of two recent human clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 viruses - A/Michigan/90/2024 ('MI90-H5N1'), a B3.13 isolate, and plaque-purified A/British Columbia/PHL2032/2024 ('BC2032-H5N1'), a D1.1 isolate - in the ferret model.
Findings: We found that MI90-H5N1, in contrast to earlier findings, causes severe disease and partial lethality in ferrets, with virus spread to extra-respiratory organs and no respiratory droplet transmission. BC2032-H5N1 caused less severe disease with no lethality in ferrets and, consistent with a recent report, failed to transmit via respiratory droplets.
Interpretation: Together with other reports, our results suggest that respiratory droplet transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses is variable. Therefore, continued monitoring and risk assessment for emerging HPAI H5N1 viruses is essential to better understand their pandemic potential.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (contract 75N93021C00014) and by grants from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP25wm0125002, JP253fa627001, and JP24fk0108626).
Keywords: H5N1; clade 2.3.4.4b; ferret; influenza; respiratory droplet transmission.
. 2026 Mar 3:108514.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108514. Online ahead of print.
Lack of Respiratory Droplet Transmission of Two Recent Human Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses in Female Ferrets
Tong Wang 1 , Chunyang Gu 1 , Lizheng Guan 1 , Asim Biswas 1 , Tadashi Maemura 1 , Hassanein H Abozeid 2 , Peter J Halfmann 1 , Gabriele Neumann 1 , Amie J Eisfeld 1 , Yoshihiro Kawaoka 3
Affiliations
- PMID: 41786120
- DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108514
Background: Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) (HPAI H5N1) viruses are widespread globally and have transmitted from birds to dairy cattle at least four times in the United States, including once by a genotype B3.13 virus and three times by genotype D1.1 viruses. Despite their prevalence and known ability to infect humans, only a few studies have examined respiratory droplet transmission capabilities of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in mammalian models of influenza infection.
Methods: Here, we assessed respiratory droplet transmission of two recent human clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 viruses - A/Michigan/90/2024 ('MI90-H5N1'), a B3.13 isolate, and plaque-purified A/British Columbia/PHL2032/2024 ('BC2032-H5N1'), a D1.1 isolate - in the ferret model.
Findings: We found that MI90-H5N1, in contrast to earlier findings, causes severe disease and partial lethality in ferrets, with virus spread to extra-respiratory organs and no respiratory droplet transmission. BC2032-H5N1 caused less severe disease with no lethality in ferrets and, consistent with a recent report, failed to transmit via respiratory droplets.
Interpretation: Together with other reports, our results suggest that respiratory droplet transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses is variable. Therefore, continued monitoring and risk assessment for emerging HPAI H5N1 viruses is essential to better understand their pandemic potential.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (contract 75N93021C00014) and by grants from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP25wm0125002, JP253fa627001, and JP24fk0108626).
Keywords: H5N1; clade 2.3.4.4b; ferret; influenza; respiratory droplet transmission.