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Emerg Infect Dis
. 2025 Aug 5;25(9).
doi: 10.3201/eid3109.250499. Online ahead of print.
Attachment Patterns of Avian Influenza H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Respiratory Tracts of Marine Mammals, North Atlantic Ocean
Syriam Sooksawasdi Na Ayudhya, Lonneke Leijten, Willemijn F Rijnink, Monique I Spronken, Thijs Kuiken, Lisa Bauer, Debby van Riel
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infections have caused substantial mortality events in marine mammals in recent years. We hypothesized that the high number of infections and disease severity could be related to cell tropism in respiratory tracts. Therefore, we examined the attachment pattern of an H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus (H52022) as a measure for cell tropism in the respiratory tracts of harbor seals, gray seals, harbor porpoises, and bottlenose dolphins and compared it with an H5N1 clade 2.1.3.2 virus (H52005) and a human seasonal H3N2 virus using virus histochemistry. Both H5 viruses attached abundantly to olfactory and respiratory mucosa in the upper respiratory tract of both seal species. H52022 attached more abundantly than H52005 to epithelial cells in the lower respiratory tract of all species. The observed attachment possibly explains the susceptibility of marine mammal species for recent H5N1 viruses and the observed development of severe disease.
Keywords: H5N1; North Atlantic Ocean; bottlenose dolphin; cetaceans; grey seals; harbor porpoise; harbor seals; highly pathogenic avian influenza virus; influenza; influenza A virus; pinnipeds; respiratory infections; respiratory tract; virus attachment; virus histochemistry; viruses; zoonoses.
. 2025 Aug 5;25(9).
doi: 10.3201/eid3109.250499. Online ahead of print.
Attachment Patterns of Avian Influenza H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Respiratory Tracts of Marine Mammals, North Atlantic Ocean
Syriam Sooksawasdi Na Ayudhya, Lonneke Leijten, Willemijn F Rijnink, Monique I Spronken, Thijs Kuiken, Lisa Bauer, Debby van Riel
- PMID: 40764708
- DOI: 10.3201/eid3109.250499
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infections have caused substantial mortality events in marine mammals in recent years. We hypothesized that the high number of infections and disease severity could be related to cell tropism in respiratory tracts. Therefore, we examined the attachment pattern of an H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus (H52022) as a measure for cell tropism in the respiratory tracts of harbor seals, gray seals, harbor porpoises, and bottlenose dolphins and compared it with an H5N1 clade 2.1.3.2 virus (H52005) and a human seasonal H3N2 virus using virus histochemistry. Both H5 viruses attached abundantly to olfactory and respiratory mucosa in the upper respiratory tract of both seal species. H52022 attached more abundantly than H52005 to epithelial cells in the lower respiratory tract of all species. The observed attachment possibly explains the susceptibility of marine mammal species for recent H5N1 viruses and the observed development of severe disease.
Keywords: H5N1; North Atlantic Ocean; bottlenose dolphin; cetaceans; grey seals; harbor porpoise; harbor seals; highly pathogenic avian influenza virus; influenza; influenza A virus; pinnipeds; respiratory infections; respiratory tract; virus attachment; virus histochemistry; viruses; zoonoses.