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Structure and Replication Cycle of Influenza A Virus and Well-Characterized Adaptive Immune Responses.
<o:p> </o:p>
Eight gene segments code for 11 proteins, including <o:p></o:p>
hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), which <o:p></o:p>
account for most of the known antigenic determinants. <o:p></o:p>
The portion of the matrix 2 (M2) protein outside the <o:p></o:p>
viral envelope is also antigenic. Adaptive immune re-<o:p></o:p>
sponses are shown in Panels A through D. In Panel A, <o:p></o:p>
the influenza HA protein mediates attachment of the <o:p></o:p>
virus to its host cell receptor. Antibodies directed <o:p></o:p>
against the HA protein block attachment of the virus to <o:p></o:p>
the host cell receptor or block fusion of the virus and <o:p></o:p>
host membrane. Antibodies generated against HA are <o:p></o:p>
correlated with vaccine protection against infection. In <o:p></o:p>
Panel B, antibodies generated against the NA protein <o:p></o:p>
do not prevent infection but limit the release of virus <o:p></o:p>
from infected cells. Antibodies directed against NA <o:p></o:p>
have been correlated with a reduction in disease sever-<o:p></o:p>
ity. In Panel C, antibodies generated against the highly <o:p></o:p>
conserved external domain of the M2 protein epitope <o:p></o:p>
interfere with virus assembly or constrain proton trans-<o:p></o:p>
port and are highly cross-reactive across virus sub-<o:p></o:p>
types. In Panel D, CD8+ T-cell responses to conserved <o:p></o:p>
inf luenza virus components have been correlated with <o:p></o:p>
enhanced clearance of virally infected cells; however, <o:p></o:p>
the exact degree to which they contribute to a reduc-<o:p></o:p>
tion in illness remains uncertain. NP denotes nucleo-<o:p></o:p>
protein, PA polymerase acidic protein, and PB2 poly-<o:p></o:p>
merase basic protein 2. Adapted from Kaiser <o:p></o:p>
6 and Subbarao et al.7
from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra1002842
Influenza Vaccines for the Future by Linda C. Lambert, Ph.D., and Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.
<o:p> </o:p>
Eight gene segments code for 11 proteins, including <o:p></o:p>
hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), which <o:p></o:p>
account for most of the known antigenic determinants. <o:p></o:p>
The portion of the matrix 2 (M2) protein outside the <o:p></o:p>
viral envelope is also antigenic. Adaptive immune re-<o:p></o:p>
sponses are shown in Panels A through D. In Panel A, <o:p></o:p>
the influenza HA protein mediates attachment of the <o:p></o:p>
virus to its host cell receptor. Antibodies directed <o:p></o:p>
against the HA protein block attachment of the virus to <o:p></o:p>
the host cell receptor or block fusion of the virus and <o:p></o:p>
host membrane. Antibodies generated against HA are <o:p></o:p>
correlated with vaccine protection against infection. In <o:p></o:p>
Panel B, antibodies generated against the NA protein <o:p></o:p>
do not prevent infection but limit the release of virus <o:p></o:p>
from infected cells. Antibodies directed against NA <o:p></o:p>
have been correlated with a reduction in disease sever-<o:p></o:p>
ity. In Panel C, antibodies generated against the highly <o:p></o:p>
conserved external domain of the M2 protein epitope <o:p></o:p>
interfere with virus assembly or constrain proton trans-<o:p></o:p>
port and are highly cross-reactive across virus sub-<o:p></o:p>
types. In Panel D, CD8+ T-cell responses to conserved <o:p></o:p>
inf luenza virus components have been correlated with <o:p></o:p>
enhanced clearance of virally infected cells; however, <o:p></o:p>
the exact degree to which they contribute to a reduc-<o:p></o:p>
tion in illness remains uncertain. NP denotes nucleo-<o:p></o:p>
protein, PA polymerase acidic protein, and PB2 poly-<o:p></o:p>
merase basic protein 2. Adapted from Kaiser <o:p></o:p>
6 and Subbarao et al.7
from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra1002842
Influenza Vaccines for the Future by Linda C. Lambert, Ph.D., and Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.
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