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J Virol. 2018 Jul 18. pii: JVI.01206-18. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01206-18. [Epub ahead of print]
FUNCTIONAL EVOLUTION OF THE 2009 PANDEMIC H1N1 INFLUENZA NS1 AND PA IN HUMANS.
Nogales A1, Martinez-Sobrido L2, Chiem K2,2, Topham DJ2,2, DeDiego ML1,2,3.
Author information
Abstract
In 2009, an H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV, pH1N1) emerged in the human population from swine causing a pandemic. Importantly, this virus is still circulating in humans seasonally. To analyze the evolution of pH1N1 in humans, we sequenced viral genes encoding for proteins inhibiting general gene expression (non-structural protein 1, NS1; and PA-X) from circulating seasonally viruses and compared them to the viruses isolated at the origin of the pandemic. Recent pH1N1 viruses contain amino acid changes in the NS1 protein (E55K, L90I, I123V, E125D, K131E and N205S), as previously described (1), and amino acid changes in the PA-X protein (V100I, N204S, R221Q and L229S). These amino acid differences between early and more recent pH1N1 isolates are responsible for increased NS1-mediated inhibition of host gene expression and decreased PA-X-mediated shutoff, including innate immune response genes. In addition, currently circulating pH1N1 viruses have acquired amino acid changes in the PA protein (V100I, P224S, N321K, I330V and R362K). A recombinant pH1N1 virus containing PA, PA-X and NS1 genes from currently circulating viruses is fitter in replication in cultured cells and in mice and is slightly more pathogenic than the original ancestor pH1N1 virus. These results demonstrate the need to monitor the evolution of the pH1N1 in humans for mutations in the viral genome that could result in enhanced virulence. Importantly, these results further support our previous findings suggesting that inhibition of global gene expression mediated by NS1 and PA-X proteins is subject to a balance which can determine virus pathogenesis and fitness.IMPORTANCE IAVs emerge in humans from animal reservoirs, causing unpredictable pandemics. One of these pandemics was caused by an H1N1 virus in 2009 and this virus is still circulating seasonally. To analyze host-virus adaptations likely affecting influenza virus pathogenesis, protein amino acid sequences from viruses circulating at the beginning of the pandemic and nowadays were compared. Currently circulating viruses have incorporated amino acid changes in two viral proteins (NS1 and PA-X), affecting innate immune responses, and in the PA gene. These amino acid differences led to increased NS1-mediated and decreased PA-X-mediated inhibition of host gene expression. A recombinant pH1N1 virus containing PA, PA-X and NS1 genes from recently circulating viruses is fitter in replication in tissue culture cells and in mice, and the virus is more pathogenic in vivo Importantly, these results suggest that a balance in the ability of NS1 and PA-X to induce host shutoff is beneficial for IAVs.
PMID: 30021892 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01206-18
FUNCTIONAL EVOLUTION OF THE 2009 PANDEMIC H1N1 INFLUENZA NS1 AND PA IN HUMANS.
Nogales A1, Martinez-Sobrido L2, Chiem K2,2, Topham DJ2,2, DeDiego ML1,2,3.
Author information
Abstract
In 2009, an H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV, pH1N1) emerged in the human population from swine causing a pandemic. Importantly, this virus is still circulating in humans seasonally. To analyze the evolution of pH1N1 in humans, we sequenced viral genes encoding for proteins inhibiting general gene expression (non-structural protein 1, NS1; and PA-X) from circulating seasonally viruses and compared them to the viruses isolated at the origin of the pandemic. Recent pH1N1 viruses contain amino acid changes in the NS1 protein (E55K, L90I, I123V, E125D, K131E and N205S), as previously described (1), and amino acid changes in the PA-X protein (V100I, N204S, R221Q and L229S). These amino acid differences between early and more recent pH1N1 isolates are responsible for increased NS1-mediated inhibition of host gene expression and decreased PA-X-mediated shutoff, including innate immune response genes. In addition, currently circulating pH1N1 viruses have acquired amino acid changes in the PA protein (V100I, P224S, N321K, I330V and R362K). A recombinant pH1N1 virus containing PA, PA-X and NS1 genes from currently circulating viruses is fitter in replication in cultured cells and in mice and is slightly more pathogenic than the original ancestor pH1N1 virus. These results demonstrate the need to monitor the evolution of the pH1N1 in humans for mutations in the viral genome that could result in enhanced virulence. Importantly, these results further support our previous findings suggesting that inhibition of global gene expression mediated by NS1 and PA-X proteins is subject to a balance which can determine virus pathogenesis and fitness.IMPORTANCE IAVs emerge in humans from animal reservoirs, causing unpredictable pandemics. One of these pandemics was caused by an H1N1 virus in 2009 and this virus is still circulating seasonally. To analyze host-virus adaptations likely affecting influenza virus pathogenesis, protein amino acid sequences from viruses circulating at the beginning of the pandemic and nowadays were compared. Currently circulating viruses have incorporated amino acid changes in two viral proteins (NS1 and PA-X), affecting innate immune responses, and in the PA gene. These amino acid differences led to increased NS1-mediated and decreased PA-X-mediated inhibition of host gene expression. A recombinant pH1N1 virus containing PA, PA-X and NS1 genes from recently circulating viruses is fitter in replication in tissue culture cells and in mice, and the virus is more pathogenic in vivo Importantly, these results suggest that a balance in the ability of NS1 and PA-X to induce host shutoff is beneficial for IAVs.
PMID: 30021892 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01206-18