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Ann Intern Med. 2009 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Safety and Efficacy of Extended-Duration Antiviral Chemoprophylaxis Against Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza.
Khazeni N, Bravata DM, Holty JE, Uyeki TM, Stave CD, Gould MK. - Stanford University Medical Center, Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford Sleep Disorders Center, Lane Medical Library, Stanford, California; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
BACKGROUND:
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are stockpiled internationally for extended use in an influenza pandemic.
PURPOSE:
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of extended-duration (>4 weeks) NAI chemoprophylaxis against influenza.
DATA SOURCES:
Studies published in any language through 11 June 2009 identified by searching 10 electronic databases and 3 trial registries.
STUDY SELECTION:
Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded human trials of extended-duration NAI chemoprophylaxis that reported outcomes of laboratory-confirmed influenza or adverse events.
DATA EXTRACTION:
2 reviewers independently assessed study quality and abstracted information from eligible studies.
DATA SYNTHESIS:
Of 1876 potentially relevant citations, 7 trials involving 7021 unique participants met inclusion criteria. Data were pooled by using random-effects models. NAI chemoprophylaxis decreased the frequency of symptomatic influenza (relative risk [RR], 0.26 [95% CI, 0.18 to 0.37]; risk difference [RD], -3.9 percentage points [CI, -5.8 to -1.9 percentage points]) but not asymptomatic influenza (RR, 1.03 [CI, 0.81 to 1.30]; RD, -0.4 percentage point [CI, -1.6 to 0.9 percentage point). Adverse effects were not increased overall among NAI recipients (RR, 1.01 [CI, 0.94 to 1.08]; RD, 0.1 percentage point [CI, -0.2 to 0.4 percentage point), but nausea and vomiting were more common among those who took oseltamivir (RR, 1.48 [CI, 1.86 to 2.33]; RD, 1.7 percentage points [CI, 0.6 to 2.9 percentage points]). Prevention of influenza did not statistically significantly differ between zanamivir and oseltamivir. Limitations: All trials were industry-sponsored. No study was powered to detect rare adverse events, and none included diverse racial groups, children, immunocompromised patients, or individuals who received live attenuated influenza virus vaccine.
CONCLUSION:
Extended-duration zanamivir and oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis appears to be highly efficacious for preventing symptomatic influenza among immunocompetent white and Japanese adults. Extended-duration oseltamivir is associated with increased nausea and vomiting. Safety and efficacy in several subpopulations that might receive extended-duration influenza chemoprophylaxis are unknown.
PMID: 19652173 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Safety and Efficacy of Extended-Duration Antiviral Chemoprophylaxis Against Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza.
Khazeni N, Bravata DM, Holty JE, Uyeki TM, Stave CD, Gould MK. - Stanford University Medical Center, Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford Sleep Disorders Center, Lane Medical Library, Stanford, California; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
BACKGROUND:
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are stockpiled internationally for extended use in an influenza pandemic.
PURPOSE:
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of extended-duration (>4 weeks) NAI chemoprophylaxis against influenza.
DATA SOURCES:
Studies published in any language through 11 June 2009 identified by searching 10 electronic databases and 3 trial registries.
STUDY SELECTION:
Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded human trials of extended-duration NAI chemoprophylaxis that reported outcomes of laboratory-confirmed influenza or adverse events.
DATA EXTRACTION:
2 reviewers independently assessed study quality and abstracted information from eligible studies.
DATA SYNTHESIS:
Of 1876 potentially relevant citations, 7 trials involving 7021 unique participants met inclusion criteria. Data were pooled by using random-effects models. NAI chemoprophylaxis decreased the frequency of symptomatic influenza (relative risk [RR], 0.26 [95% CI, 0.18 to 0.37]; risk difference [RD], -3.9 percentage points [CI, -5.8 to -1.9 percentage points]) but not asymptomatic influenza (RR, 1.03 [CI, 0.81 to 1.30]; RD, -0.4 percentage point [CI, -1.6 to 0.9 percentage point). Adverse effects were not increased overall among NAI recipients (RR, 1.01 [CI, 0.94 to 1.08]; RD, 0.1 percentage point [CI, -0.2 to 0.4 percentage point), but nausea and vomiting were more common among those who took oseltamivir (RR, 1.48 [CI, 1.86 to 2.33]; RD, 1.7 percentage points [CI, 0.6 to 2.9 percentage points]). Prevention of influenza did not statistically significantly differ between zanamivir and oseltamivir. Limitations: All trials were industry-sponsored. No study was powered to detect rare adverse events, and none included diverse racial groups, children, immunocompromised patients, or individuals who received live attenuated influenza virus vaccine.
CONCLUSION:
Extended-duration zanamivir and oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis appears to be highly efficacious for preventing symptomatic influenza among immunocompetent white and Japanese adults. Extended-duration oseltamivir is associated with increased nausea and vomiting. Safety and efficacy in several subpopulations that might receive extended-duration influenza chemoprophylaxis are unknown.
PMID: 19652173 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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