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Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans
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Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans
Although avian influenza A viruses usually do not infect humans, rare cases of human infection with avian influenza A viruses have been reported. Most human infections with avian influenza A viruses have occurred following direct or close contact with infected poultry. Illness in humans has ranged from mild to severe.
The spread of avian influenza A viruses from one ill person to another has been reported very rarely, and has been limited, inefficient and not sustained. However, because avian influenza A viruses have the potential to change and gain the ability to spread easily between people, monitoring for human infection and person-to-person transmission is extremely important for public health.
Since November 2003, more than 700 cases of human infection with a highly pathogenic* Asian lineage avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) virus with high mortality have been reported, primarily by 15 countries in Asia, Africa, the Pacific, Europe and the Near East. (On January 8, 2014, the first case of a human infection with H5N1 in the Americas was reported in Canada in a traveler returning from China.).
HPAI H5N1 viruses circulating among birds have evolved and are continuing to evolve into different subgroups of viruses, called ‘clades.’ Notably, there are geographic differences in the circulation of some HPAI H5N1 viruses. Because HPAI H5N1 viruses are evolving, it is critical to monitor the spread and circulation of these viruses among poultry and other birds, in order to understand the risk of spread to humans.
The World Health Organization (WHO) maintains situation updates and cumulative reports of human cases of avian influenza A (H5N1). Most human cases of H5N1 virus infection are thought to have occurred as a result of direct or close contact with sick or dead infected poultry.
Other subtypes of avian influenza A viruses also have infected humans, including both low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses and HPAI viruses. Human infections with a new H7N9 virus were first reported in China in March 2013. While this H7N9 virus is low pathogenic, it has resulted in severe disease and death in people. In January 2015, the Government of Canada and the Ministry of Health in British Columbia reported the first two cases of human infection in North America with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in a husband and wife who returned home to British Columbia following a trip to Hong Kong and mainland China.
Public health authorities closely monitor cases of human illness associated with avian influenza A virus infections because of concerns about the potential for more widespread infections and transmission in humans. The spread of avian influenza A viruses from one ill person to another through prolonged, unprotected, close contact has been reported very rarely, and has been limited, inefficient and not sustained. However, because avian influenza A viruses have the potential to change and gain the ability to spread easily among people, monitoring for human infection and person-to-person transmission is extremely important for public health.
Signs and Symptoms of Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans
Signs and symptoms may depend on which avian influenza A virus caused the infection. With the exception of H7N9 viruses, low pathogenic avian influenza A virus infections of humans have been associated with generally mild, non-fatal illness. The reported signs and symptoms of low pathogenic avian influenza A virus infections in humans have ranged from conjunctivitis to influenza-like illness (e.g., fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches) to lower respiratory disease (pneumonia) requiring hospitalization. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus infections of humans have been associated with a wide range of illness. Illness has ranged from conjunctivitis only, to influenza-like illness, to severe respiratory illness (e.g. shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, viral pneumonia, respiratory failure) with multi-organ disease, sometimes accompanied by nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and sometimes neurologic changes (altered mental status, seizures). Sometimes infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus infection leads to death, especially with HPAI H5N1 virus. The accuracy of clinical diagnosis of human infection with avian influenza A viruses on the basis of signs and symptoms alone is limited because symptoms from illness caused by other pathogens, including seasonal influenza A or B viruses, can overlap considerably.
Detecting Avian Influenza A Virus Infection in Humans
Avian influenza A virus infection in humans cannot be diagnosed by clinical signs and symptoms alone; laboratory testing is required. Avian influenza A virus infection is usually diagnosed by collecting a swab from the nose or throat of the sick person during the first few days of illness. This specimen is sent to a lab; the laboratory looks for avian influenza A virus either by using a molecular test, by trying to grow the virus, or both. (Growing avian influenza A viruses should only be done in laboratories with high levels of protection).
For critically ill patients, collection and testing of lower respiratory tract specimens may lead to diagnosis of avian influenza virus infection. For some patients who are no longer very sick or who have fully recovered, it may be difficult to find the avian influenza A virus in the specimen that was collected, using these methods. Sometimes it may still be possible to diagnose avian influenza A virus infection by looking for evidence of the body's immune response to the virus infection by detecting specific antibodies the body has produced in response to the virus. This is not always an option because it requires two blood specimens (one taken during the first week of illness and another taken 3-4 weeks later). Also, it can take several weeks to verify the results, and testing must be performed in a special laboratory, such as at CDC.
Treating Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans
CDC and WHO currently recommend oseltamivir or zanamivir, for treatment and prevention of human infection with avian influenza A viruses. Analyses of available avian influenza viruses circulating worldwide suggest that most viruses are susceptible to oseltamivir and zanamivir. However, some evidence of resistance to oseltamivir that developed has been reported in HPAI H5N1 viruses isolated from some human cases. Monitoring for antiviral resistance among avian influenza A viruses is crucial and ongoing. This data directly informs CDC and WHO antiviral treatment recommendations.
Preventing Human Infection with Avian Influenza A Viruses
The best way to prevent infection with avian influenza A viruses is to avoid sources of exposure. Most human infections with avian influenza A viruses have occurred following direct or close contact with infected poultry.
Seasonal influenza vaccination will not prevent infection with avian influenza A viruses, but can reduce the risk of co-infection with human and avian influenza A viruses.
Because rare episodes of limited, non-sustained human-to-human transmission of avian influenza viruses has been reported (with Asian lineage HPAI H5N1 and low path H7N9, for example), persons should avoid sick patients who have suspected or confirmed avian influenza virus infections. Health care personnel caring for patients with suspected or confirmed avian influenza virus infection should wear recommended personal protective equipment and follow recommended infection control measures (standard, droplet, contact, and airborne precautions).
More avian influenza information for health professionals and laboratorians is available here.
Footnotes
*Avian influenza A viruses are designated as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) or low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) based on molecular characteristics of the virus and the ability of the virus to cause disease and mortality in birds.
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/avian-in-humans.htm
Language: English
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- Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans
- Signs and Symptoms of Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans
- Detecting Avian Influenza A Virus Infection in Humans
- Treating Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans
- Preventing Human Infection with Avian Influenza A Viruses
Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans
Although avian influenza A viruses usually do not infect humans, rare cases of human infection with avian influenza A viruses have been reported. Most human infections with avian influenza A viruses have occurred following direct or close contact with infected poultry. Illness in humans has ranged from mild to severe.
The spread of avian influenza A viruses from one ill person to another has been reported very rarely, and has been limited, inefficient and not sustained. However, because avian influenza A viruses have the potential to change and gain the ability to spread easily between people, monitoring for human infection and person-to-person transmission is extremely important for public health.
Since November 2003, more than 700 cases of human infection with a highly pathogenic* Asian lineage avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) virus with high mortality have been reported, primarily by 15 countries in Asia, Africa, the Pacific, Europe and the Near East. (On January 8, 2014, the first case of a human infection with H5N1 in the Americas was reported in Canada in a traveler returning from China.).
HPAI H5N1 viruses circulating among birds have evolved and are continuing to evolve into different subgroups of viruses, called ‘clades.’ Notably, there are geographic differences in the circulation of some HPAI H5N1 viruses. Because HPAI H5N1 viruses are evolving, it is critical to monitor the spread and circulation of these viruses among poultry and other birds, in order to understand the risk of spread to humans.
The World Health Organization (WHO) maintains situation updates and cumulative reports of human cases of avian influenza A (H5N1). Most human cases of H5N1 virus infection are thought to have occurred as a result of direct or close contact with sick or dead infected poultry.
Other subtypes of avian influenza A viruses also have infected humans, including both low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses and HPAI viruses. Human infections with a new H7N9 virus were first reported in China in March 2013. While this H7N9 virus is low pathogenic, it has resulted in severe disease and death in people. In January 2015, the Government of Canada and the Ministry of Health in British Columbia reported the first two cases of human infection in North America with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in a husband and wife who returned home to British Columbia following a trip to Hong Kong and mainland China.
Public health authorities closely monitor cases of human illness associated with avian influenza A virus infections because of concerns about the potential for more widespread infections and transmission in humans. The spread of avian influenza A viruses from one ill person to another through prolonged, unprotected, close contact has been reported very rarely, and has been limited, inefficient and not sustained. However, because avian influenza A viruses have the potential to change and gain the ability to spread easily among people, monitoring for human infection and person-to-person transmission is extremely important for public health.
Signs and Symptoms of Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans
Signs and symptoms may depend on which avian influenza A virus caused the infection. With the exception of H7N9 viruses, low pathogenic avian influenza A virus infections of humans have been associated with generally mild, non-fatal illness. The reported signs and symptoms of low pathogenic avian influenza A virus infections in humans have ranged from conjunctivitis to influenza-like illness (e.g., fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches) to lower respiratory disease (pneumonia) requiring hospitalization. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus infections of humans have been associated with a wide range of illness. Illness has ranged from conjunctivitis only, to influenza-like illness, to severe respiratory illness (e.g. shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, viral pneumonia, respiratory failure) with multi-organ disease, sometimes accompanied by nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and sometimes neurologic changes (altered mental status, seizures). Sometimes infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus infection leads to death, especially with HPAI H5N1 virus. The accuracy of clinical diagnosis of human infection with avian influenza A viruses on the basis of signs and symptoms alone is limited because symptoms from illness caused by other pathogens, including seasonal influenza A or B viruses, can overlap considerably.
Detecting Avian Influenza A Virus Infection in Humans
Avian influenza A virus infection in humans cannot be diagnosed by clinical signs and symptoms alone; laboratory testing is required. Avian influenza A virus infection is usually diagnosed by collecting a swab from the nose or throat of the sick person during the first few days of illness. This specimen is sent to a lab; the laboratory looks for avian influenza A virus either by using a molecular test, by trying to grow the virus, or both. (Growing avian influenza A viruses should only be done in laboratories with high levels of protection).
For critically ill patients, collection and testing of lower respiratory tract specimens may lead to diagnosis of avian influenza virus infection. For some patients who are no longer very sick or who have fully recovered, it may be difficult to find the avian influenza A virus in the specimen that was collected, using these methods. Sometimes it may still be possible to diagnose avian influenza A virus infection by looking for evidence of the body's immune response to the virus infection by detecting specific antibodies the body has produced in response to the virus. This is not always an option because it requires two blood specimens (one taken during the first week of illness and another taken 3-4 weeks later). Also, it can take several weeks to verify the results, and testing must be performed in a special laboratory, such as at CDC.
Treating Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans
CDC and WHO currently recommend oseltamivir or zanamivir, for treatment and prevention of human infection with avian influenza A viruses. Analyses of available avian influenza viruses circulating worldwide suggest that most viruses are susceptible to oseltamivir and zanamivir. However, some evidence of resistance to oseltamivir that developed has been reported in HPAI H5N1 viruses isolated from some human cases. Monitoring for antiviral resistance among avian influenza A viruses is crucial and ongoing. This data directly informs CDC and WHO antiviral treatment recommendations.
Preventing Human Infection with Avian Influenza A Viruses
The best way to prevent infection with avian influenza A viruses is to avoid sources of exposure. Most human infections with avian influenza A viruses have occurred following direct or close contact with infected poultry.
Seasonal influenza vaccination will not prevent infection with avian influenza A viruses, but can reduce the risk of co-infection with human and avian influenza A viruses.
Because rare episodes of limited, non-sustained human-to-human transmission of avian influenza viruses has been reported (with Asian lineage HPAI H5N1 and low path H7N9, for example), persons should avoid sick patients who have suspected or confirmed avian influenza virus infections. Health care personnel caring for patients with suspected or confirmed avian influenza virus infection should wear recommended personal protective equipment and follow recommended infection control measures (standard, droplet, contact, and airborne precautions).
More avian influenza information for health professionals and laboratorians is available here.
Footnotes
*Avian influenza A viruses are designated as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) or low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) based on molecular characteristics of the virus and the ability of the virus to cause disease and mortality in birds.
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/avian-in-humans.htm
- Page last reviewed: February 3, 2015
- Page last updated: February 3, 2015
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