For the first time the LHC reaches temperatures colder than outer space

[Snowy Owl]

For the first time the LHC reaches temperatures colder than outer space

http://user.web.cern.ch/Press/PressR.../PR03.07E.html

Geneva, 10 April 2007

The first sector of CERN1's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to be cooled down has reached a temperature of 1.9 K (?271?C), colder than deep outer space!

Although just one-eighth of the LHC ring, this sector is the world?s largest superconducting installation.

The entire 27?kilometre LHC ring needs to be cooled down to this temperature in order for the superconducting magnets that guide and focus the proton beams to remain in a superconductive state.

Such a state allows the current to flow without resistance, creating a dense, powerful magnetic field in relatively small magnets.

Guiding the two proton beams as they travel nearly the speed of light, curving around the accelerator ring and focusing them at the collision points is no easy task.

A total of 1650 main magnets need to be operated in a superconductive state, which presents a huge technical challenge.

"This is the first major step in the technical validation of a full-scale portion of the LHC," explained LHC project leader Lyndon Evans.

There are three parts to the cool down process, with many tests and intense checking in between.

During the first phase, the sector is cooled down to 80 K, slightly above the temperature of liquid nitrogen. At this temperature the material will have seen 90% of the final thermal contraction, a 3 millimetre per metre shrinkage of steel structures.


Each of the eight sectors is about 3.3 kilometres long, which means shrinkage of 9.9 metres! To deal with this amount of shrinkage, specific places have been designed to compensate for it, including expansion bellows for piping elements and cabling with some slack.

Tests are done to make sure no hardware breaks as the machinery is cooled.

The second phase brings the sector to 4.5 K using enormous refrigerators. Each sector has its own refrigerator and each of the main magnets is filled with liquid helium, the coolant of choice for the LHC because it is the only element to be in a liquid state at such a low temperature.

The final phase requires a sophisticated pumping system to help bring the pressure down on the boiling Helium and cool the magnets to 1.9 K.

To achieve a pressure of 15 millibars, the system uses both hydrodynamic centrifugal compressors operating at low temperature and positive-displacement compressors operating at room temperature.

Cooling down to 1.9 K provides greater efficiency for the superconducting material and helium's cooling capacity. At this low temperature helium becomes superfluid, flowing with virtually no viscosity and allowing greater heat transfer capacity.

?It's exciting because for more than ten years people have been designing, building and testing separately each part of this sector and now we have a chance to test it all together for the first time,? said Serge Claudet, head of the Cryogenic Operation Team.

For more information and to see regular updates, see http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/.

The conditions are now established to allow testing of all magnets in this sector to their ultimate performance.

1 CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is the world's leading laboratory for particle physics. It has its headquarters in Geneva. At present, its Member States are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. India, Israel, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United States of America, Turkey, the European Commission and UNESCO have Observer status.

http://user.web.cern.ch/Press/PressReleases/Releases2007/PR03.07E.html

[Snowy Owl]

Re: For the first time the LHC reaches temperatures colder than outer space

SLAC - PUB - 1673
ERRATA TO
A QUARK-BINDING STRING
S. -H. H. Tye

http://www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-wrap/getdoc/slac-pub-1673.pdf

1996 WIT 4: "Where's Gaius?"
Questions by Georgia Tech

TOSSUPS
1. After attending theology seminary at the University of
Tubingen, he moved to Jena, where he became a professor and began
to edit The Critical Journal of Philosophy. After publishing his
most difficult, and in his opinion his most important work,
_Science of Logic_, he was offered a chair at Heidelberg, where he
began publishing the _Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences_.
FTP, identify this influential thinker, author of _The Philosophy
of Right_ and _The Phenomenology of Spirit_.
Answer: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich _Hegel_

2. An accomplished musician and poet, several of his works survive
today, including "Pastyme with good companye." He is better known
for marrying his brother Arthur's widow, joining Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V in a war against Francis I of France, and his work _A
Defense of the Seven Sacraments_, which caused Leo X to name him
"Defender of the Faith". FTP, name this man, who ruled England
from 1509 to 1547.
Answer: _Henry VIII_

3. Though many of those detained proved later to have nothing to
do with radical politics, the hysteria that was caused reached into
the New York State Assembly, where five duly elected socialist
members were expelled. In all, nearly 4000 men and women were
arrested and held incommunicado. Nevertheless, only three
revolvers were found among the thousands and not a single bomb.
FTP, name this New Year's Day 1920 event, named for the US Attorney
General who initiated them.
Answer: _Palmer_ Raids

4. It is often said that his position as a significant composer
rests principally on the last two works he completed: a setting
for solo voices and orchestra of a cycle of poems by the Chinese
poet Li Po, entitled The Song of the Earth, and his Symphony No. 9.
FTP, name this Austrian composer whose symphonies include the
Resurrection Symphony and Symphony of a Thousand.
Answer: Gustav _Mahler_

5. One of these particles is emitted whenever a nucleon passes
within range of another nuclear particle, as long as the collision
energy was sufficient to create the particle's mass. Originally
proposed as the basic mechanism for the strong force, these
particles are composed of a quark and an antiquark. FTP, name
these particles, postulated by Yukawa in 1935, examples of which
include the K and the pi.
Answer: _meson_s

6. In the last section of the poem, the dreamer goes on a summer-
long quest, aided by Study, Thought, and Wit. In the main section,
the poet that in a wilderness he comes upon the tower of Truth set
on a hill, with the dungeon of Wrong in the valley below, as he
sleeps in the Malvern Hills. FTP, name this 14th-century allitera-
tive poem attributed to William Langland.
Answer: The Vision of William Concerning _Piers Plowman_

7. Its leader came from a poor peasant family and had hallucina-
tions that he was the young brother of Jesus. It translates into
Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, and as it advanced, officials,
landlords, and the wealthy were put to death. In 1853, the
movement centered in Nanking, which remained its capital until it
was crushed in 1864. FTP, name this greatest peasant rising in
China in the nineteenth century.
Answer: _Taiping_ Tianguo rebellion

8. It took its name from a gallery opened in Paris in 1895 by the
art dealer Siegfried Bing. Leading exponents of this artistic
style include the architects Henry van de Velde, Victor Horta, and
Louis Sullivan; glassware designer Louis Tiffany; illustrator
Aubrey Beardsley; and Antonio Gaudi. FTP, name this art movement,
whose ornamental characteristics distinguished it from Art Deco.
Answer: _Art Nouveau_

9. Originally written as one paragraph on a 250-foot roll of
paper, with no punctuation, Truman Capote said of it, "This isn't
writing; this is typing." Characters include Carlo Marx, Sal
Paradise, and Dean Moriarty, drifters on a hitchhiking trip across
the U.S. FTP, name this beat movement classic by Jack Kerouac.
Answer: _On the Road_

10. One of its hallmarks is brain lesions consisting in part of
clums of protein called beta-amyloid. This protein is a breakdown
product of an amyloid precursor protein, a structural component of
neurons that is constantly made in normal brains. Bits of
beta-amyloid form insoluble sheets, but it is not clear if they are
a cause of or effect of this disease. FTP, what is this disease
which afflicts some 4 million Americans, most notably Ronald
Reagan?
Answer: _Alzheimer_'s Disease

11. In 1933, as the leader of a small gang, he began a 12 month
crime spree killing as many as twenty people and robbing numerous
banks in the Midwest. He was captured twice, but escaped both
times. It was a weakness for women that finally proved his
undoing. FTP, name this famous criminal, shot dead by FBI agents
in 1934 after they were tipped off as to his whereabouts by one of
his companions for the night, and was also known as public enemy
number one.
Answer: John _Dillinger_

12. The son of Hilkiah, he received his call to prophetic office
around the time of the death of Ashurbanipal. After he denounced
the sinning king and people in his Temple Sermon, King Jehoiakim
banned him from the palace and the temple. In response, he got his
scribe Baruch to read his sermons in the Temple for him. FTP,
identify this second Major Prophet to whom the Lamentations are
sometimes attributed.
Answer: _Jeremiah_

13. When John Minor Botts, a Whig representative from Virginia,
proposed the appointment of a special committee to investigate this
President's conduct in office, it was the first time presidential
impeachment proceedings were introduced in Congress. He was also
the first president to have a veto overridden. FTP, name this man,
who was elected to the Confederate Congress and was the first vice
president to become President by succession.
Answer: John _Tyler_

14. Elected to the Massachusetts Legislature in 1835, he helped
found the Liberty Party in 1839. He is, however, better known as
a poet, whose works, such as _Massachusetts to Virginia_ and
_Telling the Bees_, often had abolitionist themes. FTP, who is
this author, whose works include _Legends of New England_, _Among
the Hills_, _Snowbound_, and "Barbara Frietchie"?
Answer: John Greenleaf _Whittier_

15. The only objective indication of the extraordinary event was a
quiver on seismographs in the Siberian city of Irkutsk. In June of
1908, if you had been in Western Europe, you could have read newspapers
at night without a lamp, due to an eerie orange glow in the sky. FTP,
what is this event named for the region north of Siberia where it
occurred?
Answer: _Tunguska_

16. The full name of this city in its native Spanish is "City of
the Most Holy Trinity and Port of Our Lady the Virgin Mary of Good
Winds." Founded in 1536, it had an uneasy relationship with Spain,
and revolted more than once. FTP, what is this city, located on
the Rio de la Plata, which was once the seat of Juan Peron's
government?
Answer: _Buenos Aires_

17. Imprisoned in 1873 after shooting the person with whom he was
having an affair, this poet produced the work _Confessions_ the
year before he died. He was influenced by the Parnassians and
associated with the symbolists, writing the works _Fetes galantes_
and _Saturnian Poems_. FTP, who is this poet whose life was
greatly changed by his affair with Arthur Rimbaud?
Answer: Paul _Verlaine_

18. It looks like the Boston Red Sox might be extremely desperate to hire
a manager for next season, considering the fact that they interviewed this
ex-Yankee who was directly responsible for one of the most disappointing
events in Red Sox history. FTP, name the former Yankee shortstop who was
considered for the job in spite of his home run that beat the Red Sox in a
1978 playoff game for the division title.
ANS: Bucky DENT

19. He went to London to become secretary to Lord Rockingham, a
post he retained until Rockingham's death in 1782. He supported
the Americans in their War of Independence and played a leading
role in the impeachment of Warren Hastings. He was the first to
argue the value of political parties in his _Thoughts on the Cause
of the Present Discontents_. FTP, who is this British politician
who caused great surprise with his 1790 work _Reflections on the
Revolution in France_.
Answer: Edmund _Burke_

20. In 1943, this assistant administrator of the Office of Price
Administration resigned from his office to serve as an editor for
Fortune Magazine for 5 years before returning to Harvard University
to teach economics. The author of _The Anatomy of Power_, _The
Great Crash_, and _The Liberal Hour_, this Canadian-born economist
served as US ambassador to India. FTP, who was this author of _The
Affluent Society_?
Answer: John Kenneth _Galbraith_

21. It was precipitated by the government's inability to check
Japanese expansionism. Among the intellectuals it fostered a broad
attack on traditional society and culture and helped to introduce
Western ideologies. In 1919, the intellectual movement had turned
into mass protests when the German concessions in the Shangtung
province were transferred to Japan. FTP, name this Chinese
movement that began when 3000-5000 students in Beijing began a
series of mass protests against the transfer of concessions.
Answer: The May Fourth Movement

22. It set forth three fundamental objectives and was named for
the city in which it was issued. It was ignored, however, after
the revolutionary General A. Iturbide became emperor of Mexico in
1822. FTP name this proclamation issued by General Iturbide on
February 24, 1821 that set the goals in the drive for Mexican
independence from Spain.
Answer: Plan de Iguala or Plan of Three Guarantees

23. This literary movement, which possessed elements of naturalism
in its descriptive method and subject matter, was set forth in two
manifestos, written in 1929 and 1930. Its main writers were Andre
Therive, Louis Guillox, Leon Lemonnier, and Eugene Dabit. FTP,
what is this French movement?
Answer: Populisme

1996 WIT 4: "Where's Gaius?"
Questions by Georgia Tech

BONUSES:

1. Edgar Allan Poe was, of course, one of the greatest writers of
his age. Can you identify these poems given a line for 10 points
each?
1. "Thy naiad airs have brought me home/ To the glory that was
Greece/ And the grandeur that was Rome"
Answer: _To Helen_
2. "Of my darling- my darling- my life and my bride,/ In her
sepulchre there by the sea-/ In her tomb by the sounding sea."
Answer: _Annabel Lee_
3. "In Heaven a spirit doth dwell/ Whose Heartstrings are a lute;/
None sing so wildly well"
Answer: _Israfel_

2. Identify the following about D-Day, ten points each:
1. It was only at this sector of the landing, where the Americans
suffered heavy casualties before fighting, that the Nazis mustered
any effective resistance.
Answer: _Omaha_ Beach
2. This German Commander had over 2000 miles of coast to defend as
the German Commander of the West.
Answer: Gerd von _Rundstedt_
3. When D-Day occurred, this general under Gerd von Rundstedt was
in Berlin. As Inspector of Coastal Defenses, he was in charge of
two German armies in northwest France. He is better known as the
commander of the Afrika Korps from 1941 to 1943.
Answer: Erwin _Rommel_

3. Answer the following related questions for 5 points each.
1. He is the author of a five-book trilogy which includes _The
Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy_. For five points, name him.
Answer: Douglas _Adams_
2. In this 42 BC battle, Marcus Junius Brutus and Caius Cassius
Longinus were defeated by Octavian, and both of them committed
suicide.
Answer: _Philippi_
3. Name the winner of the 1942 World Series.
Answer: St. Louis _Cardinals_
4. It is the 42nd element, between Niobium and Technetium, and
below Chromium and above Tungsten
Answer: Molybednum
5. For 5 points each, give both solutions to the equation x^2-
11x=42. (give 10 seconds)
Answer: _14_, _-3_

4. It's Quarkin' time!
1. First for five points each, name the two scientists who
independently developed the theory of quarks in 1963.
Answer: Murray _Gell-Mann_ or George _Zweig_
2. For five points each, name the three quarks that have positive
charge.
Answer: _up_, _charmed_, _top_
3. For a final five points, name all three colors of quarks.
Answer: _red, green, and blue_

5. Identify these Revolutionary War figures for fifteen points
each.
1. Although he died a broken and virtually forgotten man, he was
once considered the richest man in the US. FTP, name this signer
of the Declaration of Independence also known as the "financier of
the Revolution".
Answer: Robert _Morris_ (do not accept Gouverneur Morris)
2. He was one of the few Americans with solid soldiering experi-
ence. When he was captured, he prepared a plan for ending American
resistance, and historians are divided as to whether or not he was
a traitor. Name this person who, by disobeying orders to attack,
turned the Battle of Monmouth from an American victory to a bloody
standoff.
Answer: Charles _Lee_

6. It's time, once again, for "Travels with Gaius!"
After the pirates got caught near Greece, Gaius escaped imprisonment,
because the local governor had a sense of humor and laughed at Gaius'
letters. Now he has invited Gaius to be his houseguest and to enjoy
a sumptuous Roman banquet. Answer the following banquet-related questions
for 15 points each.
a. To Gaius' surprise, a plateful of fish covered in smelly, salty, Roman
fish sauce has been put before him. By what name do Romans call this fish
sauce, which Gaius must eat rather than risk offending his host?
Answer: _GARUM_
b. After Gaius forces down the garum, a more tasty dish arrives, glires
(GLEE-raise). This Gaius eats happily -- until he discovers he has been
eating rodent. Gaius got so sick he could not make it to the vomitorium,
and ruined the rug. Since his host is mad at him, Gaius now finds himself
saying "Mea culpa." For 15 points, what rodent did Gaius eat?
Answer: stuffed _DORMICE_

7. For 5 points each, identify the art movement given some
artists.
1. John Sloan, George Bellows, Maurice Prendergast
Answer: _Ashcan_ school (or The Eight)
2. Frederick Church, George Inness, Albert Bierstadt
Answer: _Hudson River_ school
3. Georges Braque, Raoul Dufy, Andre Derain
Answer: _Fauvism_ or _Fauves_ (prompt for more on Expressionism)
4. Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni
Answer: _Futurism_
5. Piet Mondrian, Theo von Doesburg
Answer: De _Stijl_ or the _Style_
6. Jean Miro, Rene Magritte, Max Ernst
Answer: _Surrealism_

8. Identify these former Soviet republics by description with a
moderately difficult clue for 10 pts. or with its capital for 5
pts.
1. 10 pts: The Baikonour Cosmodrome, the Soviet version of Cape
Canaveral, is in this nation. Today, the country makes money by
leasing its use to Russia.
5 pts: Almaty
Answer: _Kazakhstan_
2. 10 pts: This nation, before beginning wars with some of its
Caucasus neighbors, became the first nation to adopt Christianity
as its state religion, when it did so in the 4th century.
5 pts: Yerevan
Answer: _Armenia_
3. 10 pts: This nation, along with Russia and Ukraine, had its
own membership in the United Nations from the start in 1945. Its
capital was a capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
5 pts: Minsk
Answer: _Belarus_

9. Identify the following random terms from biology that start
with the same letter, 5-10-15.
1. First for five points, the name of any bone of the fingers or
toes
Answer: _Phalange_
2. The process by which a foreign substance of bacteria is
engulfed so as to be destroyed
Answer: _Phagocytosis_
3. The fundamental tissue in higher plants, composed of living
unspecialized cells. Most of the tissue in the softer parts of
leaves, the pulp of fruits, and the pith of stems are examples.
Answer: _Parenchyma_

10. FTP each, name these Henry James works, given a brief
description.
1. This work, the basis for a T.S. Eliot poem, concerns Isabel
Archer and Gilbert Osmond, and was published in 1881. For five,
name it.
Answer: The _Portrait of a Lady_
2. This 1886 work involves Olive Chancellor, and dealt with the
topic of lesbianism. It caused a furor among the inhabitants of
the city where it is set, as they felt it portrayed their town
inaccurately.
Answer: The _Bostonians_
3. The main character of this novel hopes to marry Claire de
Cintre, a widowed member of an aristocratic French family. Like
many James works, it focuses on the contrast between simple
Americans and sophisticated Europeans.
Answer: The _American_

11. Identify these idealists, for ten points each.
1. An English writer familiar with Enlightenment ideas, she
extneded the principles of the Enlightenment to women in her 1792
_Vindication of the Rights of Woman_.
Answer: Mary _Wollstonecraft_
2. Calling torture "a criterion fit for a cannibal," this Italian
found it an irrational way of determining guilt of innocence in his
work _On Crimes and Punishment_.
Answer: Cesare _Beccaria_
3. In opposition to the Old Regime, he proposed a balanced system
of government, and established his ideas in such works as _The
Spirit of the Laws_.
Answer: Baron de la Brede et de _Montesquieu_

12. Translate these constellations from the English to its formal
name given the English translation and a prominent star, 5 points
each. For example, given "Twins, contains the star Castor" you
would say Gemini.
1. Eagle, contains the star Altair
Answer: _Aquilae_
2. Serpent Bearer, contains BarnardAnswer: _Ophiuchus_
3. Ship's Keel, contains Canopus
Answer: _Carina_
4. Herdsman, contains the star Arcturus
Answer: _Bootes_
5. Swan, contains the star Deneb
Answer: _Cygnus_
6. Charioteer, contains the star Capella
Answer: _Auriga_

13. For the stated number of points, answer the
following concerning Ethiopian history.
1 (5). Name the former Italian colony which the UN joined with
Ethiopia in a federation in 1952 that gained its independence in
1993.
Answer: _Eritrea_
2 (10). In March of 1896, the Italian invaded Ethiopia with 20,000 men,
but were decisively defeated by over 110,000 Ethiopians in this
battle.
Answer: _Aduwa_ (or Adowa)
3 (15). Coming to power in 1889 with Italian help, he rebelled against
the Italians by denouncing the Treaty of Ucciali.
Answer: King _Menelik II_

14. FTP each, identify the following about The Faerie Queen by
Edmund Spenser.
1. Who is the hero of the poem?
Answer: Prince _Arthur_
2. What is the name of the Fairy Queen?
Answer: _Gloriana_
3. The plan for the Fairy Queen was borrowed from the Orlando
Furioso, which was written by what Italian writer?
Answer: Lodovico _Ariosto_

15. FTP each, answer the following concerning John Brown.
1. Name the West Virginia town where Brown and 21 followers
captured a U.S. arsenal in 1859.
Answer: _Harpers Ferry_
2. The arsenal was retaken the next day and Brown and his
followers were captured by what man, who would later gain fame as
a general?
Answer: Robert E. _Lee_
3. In 1856, in retaliation for the sack of this city, Brown led the
murder of five proslavery settlers on the banks of the Pottawatamie.
FTP, name the city.
Answer: _Lawrence_, Kansas_

16. Given characters of a opera, name that opera for 10 points, or
five points if given the composer and the novelist whose work it is
based:
1. 10 pts: Violetta Valery, Gaston, Alfredo Germont
5 pts: Giuseppe Verdi and Alexandre Dumas-fils
Answer: La _Traviata_
2. 10 pts: Xenia, Feodor, Prince Shuisky
5 pts: Modest Mussorgsky and Alexander Pushkin
Answer: _Boris Godunov_ (do not accept Xena: Warrior Princess)
3. 10 pts: Herodias, Narraboth, Herod
5 pts: Richard Strauss, Oscar Wilde
Answer: _Salome_

17. Identify these students of the mathematician Karl Friedrich
Gauss for 15 points each.
1. 15 pts: The most easily constructed non-orientable
manifold-with-boundary is named for this mathematician.
Answer: August Ferdinand _Mobius_
2. 15 pts: Another German, he is best known for a method whereby
real numbers can be defined in terms of rational numbers, which is
known as his "cut".
Answer: Richard _Dedekind_

18. Identify the following Arthurian knights given a brief
description for 10 points each.
1. He is the knight that returns Excalibur to the Lady of the
Lake.
Answer: Sir _Bedivere_
2. This knight, usually the nephew of Arthur, mortally wounds him.
Answer: Sir _Mordred_
3. The son of King Pellinore, he was the original hero of the
Grail quest.
Answer: Sir _Percival_

19. FTP each, given cities, name the South American country.
1. Guayaquil, Portoviejo, Esmeraldas
Answer: _Ecuador_
2. San Cristobal, Maracaibo, Valencia
Answer: _Venezuela_
3. Cordoba, Rosario, La Plata
Answer: _Argentina_

20. Now that Czechoslovakia has separated, will Italy be far behind?
For the stated number of points, answer the following about Italy's
separatist movement.
a. (5) The Northern League, under this fiery leader, wishes to separate
from Italy and form its own nation.
Answer: Umberto _Bossi_
b. (10) If Bossi has his way, when the north secedes, it will set up its
capital in this small town best known as Virgil's birthplace.
Answer: _Mantua_
c. (15) This would be the name of the new North Italian nation, a name
derived from the Po River.
Answer: _Padania_

21. Identify these mostly unrelated authors from works 5-10-15
1. Erewhon and The Way of All Flesh
Answer: Samuel Butler
2. Clarissa and Pamela
Answer: Samuel Richardson
3. Hudibras and "The Elephant in the Moon"
Answer: Samuel Butler

22. Name these Goethe works for ten points each
1. His first large success, this story of a young mans love is
said to have caused a number of suicides across Europe.
Answer: The Sorrows of Young Werther
2. A classic bildungsroman, this 1796 work follows the growth of
its protagonist under the influence of the Tower Society, into
which he is eventually accepted.
Answer: Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship (accept Wilhelm Meisters
Lehrjahre)
3. Based on the life of an Italian poet, this play has a theme
similar to that of The Sorrows of Young Werther, but does not end
in suicide.
Answer: Torquato Tasso

23. Give the American authors of these poems, for 5 points each.
1. The Prairies (1834)
Answer: William Cullen Bryant
2. The River-Merchants Wife: A Letter (1915)
Answer: Ezra Pound
3. Desert Places (1936)
Answer: Robert Frost
4. The Negro Speaks of Rivers (1921)
Answer: Langston Hughes
5. Parliament Hill Fields (1961)
Answer: Sylvia Plath
6. Elegies for Paradise Valley (1978)

Answer: Robert Hayden

http://quizbowl.stanford.edu/archive/berk96/gatech.txt

[Snowy Owl]

Re: For the first time the LHC reaches temperatures colder than outer space

e
-,=
_ -
i
TESTS OF QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS
IN EXCLUSIVE e?e- and y-y PROCESSES*
STANLEY J. BRODSKY
Stanford Linea.r Accelerator Center:
Stanford liniversi tJ?, Stanford, Ca.lifornia. 94309, L?S?.4

http://www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-wrap/getdoc/tau89-066.pdf