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SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

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  • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

    Deadly fever did kill cleaner - report

    27 October 2008, 11:04


    By Solly Maphumulo and Louise Flanagan

    The death of a Morningside Medi-Clinic cleaner has been confirmed as linked to viral haemorrhagic fever.

    Maria Mokubung died after she was exposed to the virus at the medi-clinic where she worked.

    Mokubung cleaned the ICU where the Cecilia van Deventer lay, the first person to die from the fever now provisionally identified as a rat-borne arena virus.

    Van Deventer died in Morningside Medi-Clinic on September 14, two days after she was flown there from Zambia.

    Morningside Medi-Clinic spokesperson Melinda Pelser previously denied that Mokubung had died from the virus saying her death was caused by a chronic disease which she was diagnosed with months earlier.

    A Workmen's Compensation claim report signed last week by a doctor who treated Mokubung unequivocally links her death to the virus.

    The claim report was signed on Thursday by a doctor at Charlotte Maxeke Hospital (formerly Joburg hospital) where Mokubung died on October 6.

    "This patient was the cleaner at Morningside Hospital and got exposed to viral hemorrhagic fever," states the report as the full description of the injuries.

    It records the way the injury happened as "fluid transfer while cleaning".

    On Monday morning the department of health had not responded to requests for comment by the time of going to press.

    When The Star asked Pelser this morning (Monday) if the hospital still maintained that Mokubung's death was not related to the virus deaths she said: "We haven't been informed of anything different as yet."

    Mokubung's three children, Lebohang, 20, Kutlaono, 12, and Kamohelo, 5, are now left to fend for themselves. Their mother was the sole breadwinner. Now Lebohang who is attending Satlokane Adult Centre cannot afford to pay for her little brother's pre-school fees.

    "This is a huge burden. I have to worry about my siblings' well being," Lebohang said.
    She said she had filled in compensation forms by her mother's employer. "They promised to pay for their school fees but nothing has been confirmed as yet," she said.

    Five people contracted the virus, four of them dying from it.

    The first person, believed to have been infected by a rat, was Zambian-based Van Deventer.
    The paramedic who treated her on the flight, Hannes Els, died on October 2 in at the clinic.

    A Morningside nurse, Gladys Mthembu, died on October 4 at Sir Albert Medical Centre.

    Mokubung died on October 6 in Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital.

    Mthembu and Mokubung were believed to have had contact with Van Deventer.

    Meanwhile, the Joburg nurse battling haemorrhagic fever is getting better.

    "She's still serious but she is on the road to recovery. We're positive and hopeful. She's responding well to treatment," Pelser said this morning. (Mon)

    The nurse, whose name has not been released and who works at Morningside Medi-Clinic, was admitted on October 10. Three days later the clinic confirmed she had the haemorrhagic fever, provisionally identified as a rat-borne arena virus.

    Pelser said the number of people being monitored for the fever due to their contact with others diagnosed with it has dropped from 94 to 31. She said those being monitored were all well.

    Earlier this month Sir Albert Medical Centre in Randfontein was monitoring 66 people for the virus.

    This morning (Mon) the centre's spokesperson Marian van der Walt said the last six people who were being monitored over the weekend were now clear of any infection.

    "All's clear on our side," she said, adding .
    She said nobody else had developed the virus.

    Trust Pretoria News for reliable journalism - exploring breaking news, expert analysis, community stories, sport, business and lifestyle in Pretoria and Gauteng.
    Last edited by sharon sanders; October 30, 2008, 01:05 PM. Reason: deleted ad

    Comment


    • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

      Mysterious SA virus is a new strain - expert [SABCnews.com]
      Mysterious SA virus is a new strain - expert

      October 27, 2008, 20:45

      A mysterious hemorrhagic disease that has killed three people in South Africa and forced others into isolation appears to be a never-before-seen strain of a virus known as the arenavirus, an expert said today.


      Genetic testing indicates the virus is a new type of arenavirus -- a large family of viruses that include the germs that cause Lassa fever and the mouse-borne lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, said Dr. Ian Lipkin of Columbia University in New York.

      The virus causes hemorrhagic disease -- meaning it can cause internal and external bleeding.

      The first victim was a woman from Zambia flown to South Africa for treatment.

      A paramedic who accompanied her and a nurse from the clinic where she was taken also died.

      Samples from the patients were sent to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and to Lipkin's lab in New York, where genetic tests are used to find new microbes.

      The standard way to identify viruses is by growing them in a lab dish, but this method misses many viruses and some simply cannot be cultured, Lipkin said.

      "We don't know why it is so pathogenic. It is a new virus, not like Lassa," Lipkin told a news conference at a meeting of infectious disease experts.

      The virus is not related to certain other viruses that can cause hemorrhagic disease, such as Ebola or Dengue. South African officials say they are monitoring more than 100 people who may have come into contact with the patients.

      Lipkin said the common antiviral drug ribavirin appears to help treat the disease.

      - Reuters
      -
      <cite cite="http://www.sabcnews.com/south_africa/health/0,2172,178878,00.html">SABCnews.com - south_africa/health</cite>

      Comment


      • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

        <TABLE class=formlayout id=apex_layout_271110100662109808 summary=""><TBODY><TR><TD noWrap align=right>Date</TD><TD noWrap align=left>28-OCT-2008</TD></TR><TR><TD noWrap align=right>Subject</TD><TD noWrap align=left>PRO/AH/EDR> Undiagnosed fatalities - S. Africa ex Zambia (10): arenavirus</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>

        UNDIAGNOSED FATALITIES - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA (10): ARENAVIRUS************************************************** **************A ProMED-mail post<http://www.promedmail.org>ProMED-mail is a program of theInternational Society for Infectious Diseases<http://www.isid.org>Date: Fri 24 Oct 2008Source: Communicable Diseases Communique Vol 7, No 10, Oct 2008 [edited]<http://www.nicd.ac.za/pubs/communique/2008/NICDCommOct08Vol07_10.pdf>Arena virus outbreak, South Africa -- Update--------------------------------------------This updates all previous reports and includes available data as of 24 Oct 2008. An outbreak of infection due to an arenavirus was identified in South Africa in early October 2008. A total of 5 cases has been reported for the period 12 Sep to 24 Oct 2008.The primary case (case 1) had onset of illness on 2 Sep 2008. An additional 3 secondary cases (case 2, 3 and 4) and 1 tertiary case (case 5) have been confirmed to have an arenavirus infection by laboratory testing. The primary case and 3 secondary cases have died. The tertiary case is currently hospitalized. Ages of cases ranged from 33 to 47 years. 4 cases were female and 1 male. The source of infection is, as yet, unknown for the primary case. The other 4 cases all had potential exposure to blood and/or body fluids of a primary or secondary case in the health-care setting.The primary case was a safari booking agent resident in Zambia. The patient was flown to South Africa for medical care in a critically ill condition on 12 Sep 2008, and died on 14 Sep 2008. Case 2 was a paramedic who cared for case 1 during the transfer from Zambia on 12 Sep 2008 and case 3 was a nurse who cared for case 1 in the intensive care unit from 12-14 Sep 2008. Case 2 was admitted on 27 Sep 2008 and died on 2 Oct 2008 and case 3 was admitted on 30 Sep 2008 and died on 5 Oct 2008. On 14 Sep 2008, case 4 performed terminal cleaning of the room in which case 1 was hospitalized. The 5th patient is a nurse who cared for case 2 from 27 Sep 2008 to 2 Oct 2008. She became ill on 9 Oct 2008 and is currently critical but stable. Ribavirin has been used for treatment in this case based on good evidence of efficacy in patients with Lassa fever (an arenavirus infection). The estimated incubation period (interval from exposure to symptom onset) in secondary and tertiary cases ranges from 7 to 13 days. In 4 patients who died, the interval from onset of illness to death ranged from 9 to 12 days (Figure 1).Only limited clinical data are currently available for case 4, who presented late in the course of illness with bleeding and confusion and died soon thereafter. Clinical features of the remaining 4 cases, for which more clinical data were available, are presented. All patients presented initially with a non-specific flu-like illness with symptoms of fever,headache and myalgia. The illness increased in severity over 7 days with all 4 patients developing diarrhoea and pharyngitis during the course of illness. A morbiliform rash on the face and trunk was reported in 4 cases on day 6 - 8 of illness. Facial swelling occurred in 3 patients. There appeared to be an initial clinical improvement after hospital admission in 3 patients, followed by clinical deterioration. Sudden and rapid deterioration with respiratory distress, neurological signs and circulatory collapse were terminal features in all patients who died. Bleeding was not a prominent feature. However, one patient had a petechial rash and another had oozing of blood from venepuncture sites. Chest pain was reported in case 1.At the time of admission all patients had thrombocytopenia (range: 42-104 X109/L). Liver transaminases (AST and ALT) were available for 4 of 5 cases and were variable at the time of admission, however all 4 patients had raised AST and ALT during the course of their illness. Leucopenia was present on admission in 2 patients and 3 patients had a normal white blood cell count on admission. 4 patients subsequently developed leucocytosis during the course of hospitalisation. All contacts (family members, friends and healthcare staff) are being monitored with twice daily temperature measurements for a period of 21 days after the last exposure to a known case. In addition, safe burial of the deceased has been supervised by environmental health officers. Full personal protective equipment (PPE) and isolation precautions as per VHF protocols have been instituted.The causative agent in this outbreak was initially identified as an Old World arenavirus by immunohistochemical tests performed at the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, USA, and on autopsy liver and skin samples taken with biopsy needles and skin punches in the Special Pathogens Unit of the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham (SPU-NICD/ NHLS), South Africa, from cases 2 and 3 on 9 Oct 2008 under biosafety level 4 laboratory conditions. Subsequently, infection with an Old World arenavirus has been confirmed in all 5 cases by positive PCR results and virus isolation by SPUNICD/ NHLS and CDC. Analysis of sequencing data generated at SPU-NICD/NHLS, Columbia University, New York, and CDC, Atlanta appears to indicate that the current outbreak is caused by a unique Old World arenavirus.There are currently no additional suspected cases. The outbreak appears to be contained and has been confined to individuals with very close contact in a health-care setting. Monitoring of contacts, active case finding and investigation and management of suspected cases will continue as needed. Further characterization of the causative agent is under way and investigation into the source of infection in the primary case is required. Additional studies to determine whether mild/asymptomatic infection occurred amongst close contacts and other exposed individuals would be essential in better characterizing the extent of this outbreak and clinical spectrum of disease.Arenaviruses are a family of enveloped negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Members of the family are parasites of rodents, in which they establish chronic renal infection. High titres of virus are present in rodent urine, which can contaminate human food or house dust. Exposed humans may become infected as accidental hosts. The prototype of the family is lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus and infection of humans with this virus may present as an influenza-like illness, aseptic meningitis or severe meningo-encephalomyelitis. Arenaviruses which cause a haemorrhagic fever syndrome are well documented in South America (New World arenaviruses, including Junin, Machupo, Sabia and Guanarito viruses). The so-called Old World arenaviruses include LCM which in fact has a worldwide distribution, and Lassa fever virus which affects up to 500 000 people annually in West Africa, specifically in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea, but the virus is suspected to be more widely distributed in that region.The clinical spectrum of Lassa fever virus infection ranges from inapparent, through mild febrile illness to fulminant haemorrhagic disease, and mortality rates vary from 1-2 percent among cases in the community at large, through 20 percent among hospitalized patients, to >40 percent in nosocomial outbreaks. The multimammate mouse (_Mastomys natalensis_), which is the most important host of Lassa fever virus, has a distribution extending from West Africa across to East Africa and from there southwards to the northeasterncorner of South Africa. Its distribution overlaps with that of other Mastomys species, and arenaviruses have been found in southern African rodents in the past, but there has been no previous association of these viruses with human disease despite sustained monitoring. Preliminary testing indicates that the virus associated with the present nosocomial disease outbreak is a distinct new member of the family.--Communicated byr Irene Lai MB BSDeputy Medical DirectorIntl. SOS Online and Corporate Medical R&DInternational SOSLevel 5 Challis House 4 Martin PlaceSydney NSW 2000 Australia<73022@internationalsos.com>[This update provides a definitive account of the recent outbreak of arenavirus-associated disease in South Africa. A primary case (case 1) had onset of illness on 2 Sep 2008. An additional 3 secondary cases (case 2, 3 and 4) and 1 tertiary case (case 5) have been confirmed to have an arenavirus infection by laboratory testing. Case 5 (not previously reported) is a nurse who cared for case 2 from 27 Sep 2008 to 2 Oct 2008. She became ill on 9 Oct 2008 and is currently critical but stable. Cases 1, 2, 3 and 4 did not survive infection.Infection with an Old World arenavirus has been confirmed in all 5 cases by positive PCR results and virus isolation by SPUNICD/ NHLS and CDC. Analysis of sequencing data generated at SPU-NICD/NHLS, Columbia University, New York, and CDC, Atlanta, appears to indicate that the current outbreak is caused by a unique Old World arenavirus.There are currently no additional suspected cases. The outbreak appears to be contained and has been confined to individuals with very close contact in a health-care setting. Monitoring of contacts, active case finding and investigation and management of suspected cases are continuing. Further characterization of the causative agent is under way, as is investigation into the source of infection in the primary case.- Mod.CP]http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?..._ID:1000,74555</PRE>
        CSI:WORLD http://swineflumagazine.blogspot.com/

        treyfish2004@yahoo.com

        Comment


        • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

          CIDRAP >> Fifth case confirmed in South African viral outbreak
          Fifth case confirmed in South African viral outbreak

          Oct 28, 2008 (CIDRAP News) ?

          A fifth case has been confirmed in the recent outbreak of febrile illnesses caused by a mysterious virus in South Africa, and preliminary tests have supported earlier suspicions that it is new member of the arenavirus family, South African health officials announced recently.


          A worker who fell ill and died after cleaning a hospital room where the first case-patient in the outbreak had stayed was confirmed to have the virus, South Africa's National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) said in an Oct 24 update.

          The cleaner, a woman named Maria Mokubong, died Oct 6, according to a report today by the Independent Online, a South African news service.

          Three other people had died of the virus earlier.

          The first was a Zambian woman who fell ill during a safari in South Africa. Subsequently a paramedic who helped care for the Zambian woman during her transfer to a Johannesburg hospital and a nurse who cared for the same patient during her hospitalization succumbed to the virus.

          Another nurse, who helped take care of the paramedic, also got sick but has so far survived.

          Melinda Pelser, a spokeswoman for Morningside Medi-Clinic in Johannesburg, where the nurse works and is being treated, said she was in serious condition but "on the road to recovery," according to the Independent Online report.

          The NICD said tests by its own laboratory and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have confirmed an Old World arenavirus in all five cases.

          An analysis of genetic sequence data generated by the NICD, the CDC, and Columbia University in New York City "appears to indicate that the current outbreak is caused by a unique Old World arenavirus," the NICD statement said.

          "Preliminary testing indicates that the virus associated with the present nosocomial outbreak is a distinct new member of the family," the NICD added.

          The agency said there were no more suspected cases in the outbreak.

          The number of people being monitored because of possible exposure to the patients has dropped from 94 to 31, according to the Independent Online.

          Arenaviruses are carried by rodents and secreted in their urine.

          Recognized "Old World" arenaviruses include lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (which actually occurs worldwide) and Lassa fever virus, which affects as many as 500,000 people annually in West Africa, the NICD said. Several arenaviruses found in South America, including Junin, Machupo, Sabia, and Guanarito viruses, cause a hemorrhagic fever syndrome, the statement noted.

          The hospital cleaner who died of the infection was bleeding and confused when she presented for treatment, and she died soon afterward, the NICD said.

          The agency gave the following clinical profile for the other patients:
          * All initially presented with an influenza-like illness including fever, headache, and muscle aches.
          * The illness worsened in the course of a week, with all four patients suffering diarrhea, sore throat, and a rash on the face and throat. Three patients also had facial swelling.
          * In the fatal cases, the illness lasted 9 to 12 days, culminating in sudden deterioration with respiratory distress, neurologic signs, and circulatory collapse.
          * "Bleeding was not a prominent feature," but one patient had a petechial rash, and another had oozing of blood from venipuncture sites.
          -
          <cite cite="http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/vhf/news/oct2808arena.html">CIDRAP >> Fifth case confirmed in South African viral outbreak</cite>

          Comment


          • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

            Source: http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnLT534055.html

            South African officials say new virus is contained
            Wed 29 Oct 2008, 17:17 GMT

            LONDON, Oct 29 (Reuters) - A new virus that has killed four people and infected another in South Africa appears to have been contained, according to the most recent information posted by South African authorities on their website.

            The virus has been identified as a member of the arenavirus family, which also includes the germ that causes Lassa fever.

            "There are currently no additional suspected cases," the National Institute for Communicable Diseases said in a posting dated Oct. 26, based on information received last week.

            "The outbreak appears to be contained and has been confined to individuals with very close contact in a health-care setting."


            Health officials could not be reached for comment on Wednesday.

            The disease first infected a safari booking agent in Zambia who was flown to South Africa on Sept. 12 for treatment. She died two days later.

            A paramedic who accompanied her, a nurse from her intensive care unit and a cleaner who worked in the hospital room also died. A fourth woman, also a nurse, is ill but in stable condition.

            "The source of infection is, as yet, unknown for the primary case," the report said.

            The patients first experienced flu-like symptoms but the illness worsened over the course of a week with diarrhoea, a sore throat and a rash on the face and throat.

            Bleeding was not a prominent feature among the fatal cases, all of which lasted about 9 to 12 days and ended in rapid deterioration with troubled breathing and circulatory failure, the report said.

            The posting said health authorities were monitoring about 30 people who may have come into contact with the patients.

            Officials said say the common antiviral drug ribavirin appeared to help treat the disease. (Reporting by Michael Kahn; Editing by Catherine Bosley)

            Comment


            • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

              New killer virus identified in South Africa [Channelnewsasia.com]
              New killer virus identified in South Africa

              Posted: 31 October 2008 0108 hrs
              JOHANNESBURG :

              A viral haemorrhagic fever that killed four people in Johannesburg has been identified as a new strain of the deadly arenavirus, health officials said Thursday.


              Tests performed at the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention identified the new strain that has yet to be named, said Barry Schoub, executive director of the National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD).

              "The virus is new in terms of its genetic make up and there is currently no vaccine against it," Schoub told reporters, adding that it had "high lethal potential for humans."

              According to the department of health, the disease was first identified in a woman airlifted from Zambia to a Johannesburg hospital in September.

              The woman later died.

              A member of the medical staff who accompanied her, a nurse and a hospital cleaner who came into contact with them, also died.

              "A last person who is currently under observation at a hospital is responding well to (anti-viral) treatment," said Janusz Paweska, head of a special pathogens unit at NICD.

              He said about 100 more people were still being monitored for possible symptoms of the virus, but they appeared to be out of danger.

              The virus has previously been linked to the Lassa fever virus of West Africa.

              No cases of the virus had been reported in Zambia where the disease is believed to have originated.
              -
              <cite cite="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world/view/386645/1/.html">Channelnewsasia.com</cite>

              Comment


              • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

                NICD Reveals Arenavirus is a New Strain

                by Luyanda Makapela
                Johannesburg, Oct 31, 2008 (BuaNews/All Africa Global Media via COMTEX) --


                Experts at the National Institute for Communicable Disease (NICD) have revealed that the type of Arenavirus which caused the death of four people in Johannesburg last month was a new strain of the virus and was complex to investigate.



                <center><!------ Google ad 'x16' begin ------> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- google_ad_client = "pub-5014387125708611"; google_ad_width = 336; google_ad_height = 280; google_ad_format = "336x280_as"; google_ad_type = "image"; google_ad_channel = ""; google_color_border = "FF9900"; google_color_bg = "FFFFFF"; google_color_link = "336699"; google_color_text = "000000"; google_color_url = "330099"; //--> </script> <script style="display: none;" type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <!------ Google ad 'x16' end ------></center>Speaking during a press conference at the NICD offices in Johannesburg, Dr Janusz Paweska, Head of the Special Pathology Unit at the NICD, said: "There is no doubt that we are dealing with a newly emerged virus."
                He said that while it may have been in existence for a long time, it was the first time anyone had come across it. He further said that the strain belonged to the "old world" Arenavirus which falls under the broad category of Haemorrhagic Fever.


                The new strain was discovered two weeks ago - seven weeks after the first patient who was infected with the virus in Zambia passed away. The patient died two weeks after being flown in to South Africa and admitted for emergency treatment.



                Three subsequent patients contracted the virus and died, including the paramedic who accompanied the first patient on the flight to South Africa, nurse Gladys Mthembu and a cleaner Maria Mokubung who both worked at the Morningside Medi-Clinic.



                Another nursing sister, who is still under observation, is reported to be responding well to treatment at the St Augustine Hospital in Durban.



                Professor Robert Swanepoel, NICD's consultant for the specialist pathogens unit said the name of the new strain was still being chosen.
                "We have already consulted with our Zambian colleagues with regards to the name (of the new virus) as we want to settle on a name which does not create negative connotations for the area from which the first patient came from," said Professor Swanepoel.
                He said traditionally viruses were named after the area that the first patients were known to originate from, but they did not want tourists to have a fearful association with the region.
                Describing the virus, Dr Paweska said the arenavirus has a high fatality potential once it comes into contact with people but was sensitive to anti-viral drugs.
                He said the virus appears suddenlyand can cause kidney infection, among other things.
                Once inside the body it can be spread through bodily fluids such as blood, vomit and saliva, said Dr Paweska, adding that it was not spread through general contact with infected patients.



                The virus was preliminary identified as an old world Arenavirus by immunohistochemical tests performed at the Infectious Disease Pathology Branch of the Centres of Disease Control Prevention in Atlanta, United States.



                According to Dr Paweska, the outbreak represented a cluster of cases confined to individuals with very close contact in a health-care setting and therefore there should be no cause for panic among South Africans.



                He added that monitoring of contacts, active case finding and investigation and management of suspected cases will continue as needed.



                Comment


                • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA



                  -snip-

                  Professor Robert Swanepoel, a consultant for the specialist pathogens unit, said they would have to settle on one which did not create negative connotations for the area from which the first patients came.

                  Traditionally viruses are named after the area that the first patients are known to originate from, for instance the Ebola and Marburg virus.

                  Swanepoel said they would not want to wipe out tourism in an area or create fearful associations. - Sapa

                  -snip-
                  Trust Pretoria News for reliable journalism - exploring breaking news, expert analysis, community stories, sport, business and lifestyle in Pretoria and Gauteng.

                  Comment


                  • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

                    Deadly New Virus Thought to Be Contained in Southern Africa [NYTimes.com]
                    Deadly New Virus Thought to Be Contained

                    Cultures showing arenavirus, which claimed victims near Johannesburg.


                    By DONALD G. MCNEIL JR
                    Published: November 3, 2008

                    A new virus that causes fatal hemorrhagic fevers has been discovered in southern Africa. It killed four people in South Africa and sickened a fifth, but health authorities believe the outbreak has been contained.

                    The virus is a member of the arenavirus family, which also includes the causes of Lassa fever in West Africa and several South American fevers.

                    While new viruses are often found in animals ? a new blue-tongue virus was found in Swiss goats last month, for example ? it is relatively rare to discover one fatal to humans, like the SARS coronavirus in 2002 or the sin nombre hantavirus in 1993.

                    How the first victim was infected is unknown, but arenaviruses are common in rodents; their dried urine, inhaled while sweeping, can transmit infection.

                    Confirmation that it is a new virus was made by the National Institute for Communicable Diseases in South Africa and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.

                    The first victim was Cecilia Van Deventer, a safari tour booker in Lusaka, Zambia, who fell ill on Sept. 2 and was airlifted to Johannesburg. She apparently infected Hannes Els, the paramedic who accompanied her, and Gladys Mthembu, a nurse tending her at the Morningside Medi-Clinic in a Johannesburg suburb.

                    The fourth to die was Maria Mokubung, who cleaned the room where Ms. Van Deventer died on Sept. 14.

                    According to South African news reports, the last death was originally misdiagnosed because the victim had tuberculosis and meningitis and was hemorrhaging and confused when her family sought medical care.

                    A fifth victim, a nurse who cared for Mr. Els, was in critical condition but responded to early treatment with the antiviral drug Ribavirin.

                    The disease progresses from flu symptoms to diarrhea and a measles-like rash and then to respiratory and circulatory collapse.

                    The authorities said they knew of no new cases but would wait until 21 days from the last infection to declare the outbreak over.

                    Disease detective work was difficult, South African news media said. Because Ms. Van Deventer feared needles, little blood was drawn from her in Zambia; also, her body was cremated before the alarm was raised. Tissue samples from later victims had to be taken carefully in a high-security laboratory that was under renovation and had to be reopened.

                    Arenaviruses are named for their round sandy granules; ?arena? is Latin for sand. A name for the new virus is being debated; Zambian authorities do not want one that will hurt tourism.

                    According to a government news service, Zambia?s first response to the outbreak was to close its border with Congo, the former Zaire, where Ebola fever, which is not related, originated.
                    -
                    <cite cite="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/04/health/research/04global.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">Global Update - Deadly New Virus Thought to Be Contained in Southern Africa - NYTimes.com</cite>

                    Comment


                    • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

                      I was hoping that the new virus would have a name....
                      Symptoms:

                      The disease progresses from flu symptoms to diarrhea and a measles-like rash and then to respiratory and circulatory collapse.
                      Because Ms. Van Deventer feared needles, little blood was drawn from her in Zambia

                      Comment


                      • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

                        Originally posted by Commonground View Post
                        I was hoping that the new virus would have a name....
                        ...
                        Hi common,
                        I was hoping more that the alarm is over and that the news headline wasn't:
                        "... TO BE contained" ...

                        P.S.
                        maybe to name it as in the famous sf film: "the creature" ...,
                        nye, it was an parasite there ...

                        Comment


                        • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

                          [tropical...I'm still diggin up anything I can find.]

                          A virus by any other name is still a virus
                          BELINDA BERESFORD
                          Nov 06 2008 06:00


                          One of the most lethal viruses known to science has made its appearance in Africa, but naming it has been held up by political sensitivities.

                          The unnamed haemorrhagic virus, which has killed four people in Gauteng, was confirmed as an unknown member of the arenavirus family by Janusz Paweska, head of the Special Pathogens Unit (SPU) at the National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) in Johannesburg.

                          The fifth infected person is reported to be recovering. This is a kill rate similar to those of Ebola or Marburg virus, which are considered two of the most dangerous viruses.

                          Naming the virus has been problematic: normally arenaviruses are named after the geographic region where they were first discovered. But the first victim of the latest virus lived on the outskirts of Lusaka and the Zambian authorities are reluctant to have the name of the capital city attached to a highly dangerous pathogen.

                          Bob Swanepoel of the NICD said that as a result he had gone back in history to find the putative name, which cannot be released until the everyone is happy with it.

                          Paweska said the new virus could result from a natural melding of two arenaviruses. Initial analysis suggests that it appeared to have genetic characteristics from both lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), the first arenavirus ever identified and Lassa.

                          These are the two of the "Old World" arenaviruses which are particularly fatal to humans. LCMV typically attacks the nervous system, while Lassa causes the extensive bleeding characteristic of a haemorrhagic fever.

                          Paweska said that in contrast to known arena viruses, when grown in a laboratory the new pathogen started killing its host cells rapidly. Nor did the patients bleed extensively, making it harder to identify.

                          Haemorrhagic viruses are particularly feared because there is little than can be done to treat them; the only drug that might be effective has to be given within five days of infection. Such viruses can spread through the air, in food and by contact.

                          One of the most lethal viruses known to science has made its appearance in Africa, but naming it has been held up by political sensitivities.

                          Comment


                          • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

                            New fatal virus confirmed in southern Africa

                            AABB SmartBrief | 11/04/2008
                            Health authorities at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases in South Africa and the CDC have confirmed the discovery a new virus that has killed four people and infected another in southern Africa. The virus, which causes fatal hemorrhagic fevers, has been identified as a member of the arenavirus family. No new cases have been reported, but authorities say they will wait a few days before declaring the outbreak over. New York Times, The (11/03)



                            Comment


                            • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

                              Thanks for your efforts, Common.

                              So even if "Such viruses can spread through the air", this time the alarm is almost over:
                              "No new cases have been reported, but authorities say they will wait a few days before declaring the outbreak over."

                              It can be named geograph. neutral as for HIV, and as an dual mixture, ex.:
                              LLCMV arenavirus (Lassa-LCMV)

                              ___
                              "Paweska said the new virus could result from a natural melding of two arenaviruses. Initial analysis suggests that it appeared to have genetic characteristics from both lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), the first arenavirus ever identified and Lassa."

                              Comment


                              • Re: SEVERAL CASES OF FATAL ILLNESS , NOVEL ARENAVIRUS STRAIN? - SOUTH AFRICA ex ZAMBIA

                                Virus alert at Joburg hospital

                                7 November 2008, 17:48

                                A man presenting symptoms similar to viral haemorrhagic fever has been admitted to the Life Fourways hospital in Johannesburg.

                                The 55-year-old South African citizen, who lives in Malawi, arrived at the hospital on Thursday at 7pm and was brought in to the trauma and emergency unit before being placed in an isolation unit as a precaution, said hospital spokesperson Marietjie Shelly on Friday.

                                "He had high temperature, severe abdominal and kidney pain, and vomiting. Initial blood tests gave no indication of internal bleeding," she said.

                                "Even though no diagnosis has as yet been made for the patient's condition, as is routine full infection control protocols were immediately implemented and he was placed in an isolation unit."

                                This was done as a precautionary measure to ensure the safety of hospital staff, patients and visitors.

                                "He walked into the hospital, he wasn't flown in or brought in by ambulance," said Shelly.

                                The National Institute of Communicable Diseases had been informed about the latest admission, she said. A broad range of blood tests and screenings were currently in progress as these symptoms may also be indicative of other non-infectious conditions.

                                Just a month ago, American scientists identified a new type of arenavirus which caused the deaths of four people since September. A name was still being chosen for the virus.

                                The first person known to have died from the virus was Cecilia van Deventer who was flown from Zambia to South Africa in September for emergency treatment. Three previous visits to health facilities had failed to determine what was wrong with her.

                                Since then the paramedic who accompanied her, Hannes Elf, a nurse at the Morningside Medi Clinic, Gladys Mthembu, and contract cleaner Maria Mokobung have died.

                                Another nursing sister is currently receiving treatment at the Morningside Medi Clinic after presenting with symptoms. However, she had since been moved from the intensive care unit.

                                "She's improved that much...however, she's is still in isolation," said hospital spokesperson Melinda Pelser.

                                Pelser said doctors indicated that the nursing sister was not infectious anymore.

                                As a precautionary measure the woman would be kept in isolation for three more weeks.

                                Thirty-nine people who had been in contact with her were still being monitored for signs of the virus. - Sapa

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