tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Zoonoses Public Health
. 2026 Jan 6.
doi: 10.1111/zph.70034. Online ahead of print. Biosecurity Uptake and Perceived Risk of Avian Influenza Among People in Contact With Birds
Harry Whitlow[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Suzanne Gokool[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Genevieve Clapp[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Irene Bueno[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Mariam Logunleko[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Peter Moore[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Sarah Masterton[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Jo Taylor-Egbeyemi[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Ian Brown[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Riinu Pae[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Louise E Smith[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Ellen Brooks-Pollock[SUP] 1 5 [/SUP], Amy C Thomas[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Introduction: Recent intercontinental spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) among kept and wild birds, and transmission to mammalian hosts, including cattle and humans, has heightened the need to review public health risk assessments. Biosecurity measures (BMs) are essential for limiting disease spread, but how widely different practices are implemented is not fully known.
Methods: Here, we report on the uptake of BMs and risk perception of avian influenza virus (AIV) in the context of preventing zoonotic transmission to persons potentially at high risk of exposure. Questionnaire data from 225 people in contact with birds in the UK (Avian Contact Study, May to July 2024) were analysed.
Results: We found hand washing after contact with birds was the most common BM implemented (89%, 196 of 218), followed by using disinfecting footwear dips (78%, 170 of 218). Individuals in contact with a higher number of birds were more likely to use at least one personal protective equipment (PPE) measure for the face or body or at least one footwear-related PPE measure. Perceived risk of AIV to bird health was high for individuals in contact with large flocks (≥ 1001 birds) and associated with uptake of at least one footwear-related PPE measure (independent of flock size). Perceived risk of AIV to respondents' own health was low, regardless of the number of birds a respondent had daily contact with.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that routinely used BMs are implemented to limit AIV spread among birds, but not with the purpose of limiting zoonotic transmission from birds to humans. Identifying cohort characteristics which could lead to low BM uptake, alongside barriers and facilitators to BM uptake, is important for informing zoonotic AIV public health campaigns.
Keywords: avian influenza; biosecurity; public health; risk perception; spillover; zoonoses.
. 2026 Jan 6.
doi: 10.1111/zph.70034. Online ahead of print. Biosecurity Uptake and Perceived Risk of Avian Influenza Among People in Contact With Birds
Harry Whitlow[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Suzanne Gokool[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Genevieve Clapp[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Irene Bueno[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Mariam Logunleko[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Peter Moore[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Sarah Masterton[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Jo Taylor-Egbeyemi[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Ian Brown[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Riinu Pae[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Louise E Smith[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Ellen Brooks-Pollock[SUP] 1 5 [/SUP], Amy C Thomas[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 41495977
- DOI: 10.1111/zph.70034
Introduction: Recent intercontinental spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) among kept and wild birds, and transmission to mammalian hosts, including cattle and humans, has heightened the need to review public health risk assessments. Biosecurity measures (BMs) are essential for limiting disease spread, but how widely different practices are implemented is not fully known.
Methods: Here, we report on the uptake of BMs and risk perception of avian influenza virus (AIV) in the context of preventing zoonotic transmission to persons potentially at high risk of exposure. Questionnaire data from 225 people in contact with birds in the UK (Avian Contact Study, May to July 2024) were analysed.
Results: We found hand washing after contact with birds was the most common BM implemented (89%, 196 of 218), followed by using disinfecting footwear dips (78%, 170 of 218). Individuals in contact with a higher number of birds were more likely to use at least one personal protective equipment (PPE) measure for the face or body or at least one footwear-related PPE measure. Perceived risk of AIV to bird health was high for individuals in contact with large flocks (≥ 1001 birds) and associated with uptake of at least one footwear-related PPE measure (independent of flock size). Perceived risk of AIV to respondents' own health was low, regardless of the number of birds a respondent had daily contact with.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that routinely used BMs are implemented to limit AIV spread among birds, but not with the purpose of limiting zoonotic transmission from birds to humans. Identifying cohort characteristics which could lead to low BM uptake, alongside barriers and facilitators to BM uptake, is important for informing zoonotic AIV public health campaigns.
Keywords: avian influenza; biosecurity; public health; risk perception; spillover; zoonoses.