tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
World J Gastroenterol
. 2023 Feb 7;29(5):834-850.
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i5.834.
Liver involvement in patients with COVID-19 infection: A comprehensive overview of diagnostic imaging features
Davide Ippolito[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Cesare Maino[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Federica Vernuccio[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Roberto Cannella[SUP] 5 6 [/SUP], Riccardo Inchingolo[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Michele Dezio[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Riccardo Faletti[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Pietro Andrea Bonaffini[SUP] 1 9 [/SUP], Marco Gatti[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Sandro Sironi[SUP] 1 9 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
During the first wave of the pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has been considered mainly as a pulmonary infection. However, different clinical and radiological manifestations were observed over time, including involvement of abdominal organs. Nowadays, the liver is considered one of the main affected abdominal organs. Hepatic involvement may be caused by either a direct damage by the virus or an indirect damage related to COVID-19 induced thrombosis or to the use of different drugs. After clinical assessment, radiology plays a key role in the evaluation of liver involvement. Ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to evaluate liver involvement. US is widely available and it is considered the first-line technique to assess liver involvement in COVID-19 infection, in particular liver steatosis and portal-vein thrombosis. CT and MRI are used as second- and third-line techniques, respectively, considering their higher sensitivity and specificity compared to US for assessment of both parenchyma and vascularization. This review aims to the spectrum of COVID-19 liver involvement and the most common imaging features of COVID-19 liver damage.
Keywords: Adults; Biliary tract diseases; COVID-19; Fatty liver; Hepatic infarction; Hepatomegaly; Infection; Liver; Liver diseases; Liver failure; Magnetic resonance imaging; Pediatrics; SARS-CoV-2; Ultrasonography; X-Ray computed tomography.
. 2023 Feb 7;29(5):834-850.
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i5.834.
Liver involvement in patients with COVID-19 infection: A comprehensive overview of diagnostic imaging features
Davide Ippolito[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Cesare Maino[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Federica Vernuccio[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Roberto Cannella[SUP] 5 6 [/SUP], Riccardo Inchingolo[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Michele Dezio[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Riccardo Faletti[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Pietro Andrea Bonaffini[SUP] 1 9 [/SUP], Marco Gatti[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Sandro Sironi[SUP] 1 9 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 36816623
- PMCID: PMC9932422
- DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i5.834
Abstract
During the first wave of the pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has been considered mainly as a pulmonary infection. However, different clinical and radiological manifestations were observed over time, including involvement of abdominal organs. Nowadays, the liver is considered one of the main affected abdominal organs. Hepatic involvement may be caused by either a direct damage by the virus or an indirect damage related to COVID-19 induced thrombosis or to the use of different drugs. After clinical assessment, radiology plays a key role in the evaluation of liver involvement. Ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to evaluate liver involvement. US is widely available and it is considered the first-line technique to assess liver involvement in COVID-19 infection, in particular liver steatosis and portal-vein thrombosis. CT and MRI are used as second- and third-line techniques, respectively, considering their higher sensitivity and specificity compared to US for assessment of both parenchyma and vascularization. This review aims to the spectrum of COVID-19 liver involvement and the most common imaging features of COVID-19 liver damage.
Keywords: Adults; Biliary tract diseases; COVID-19; Fatty liver; Hepatic infarction; Hepatomegaly; Infection; Liver; Liver diseases; Liver failure; Magnetic resonance imaging; Pediatrics; SARS-CoV-2; Ultrasonography; X-Ray computed tomography.