tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Viruses
. 2021 Jan 28;13(2):199.
doi: 10.3390/v13020199.
T Cell Immunity against Influenza: The Long Way from Animal Models Towards a Real-Life Universal Flu Vaccine
Anna Schmidt[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Dennis Lapuente[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Current flu vaccines rely on the induction of strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, which leaves the population vulnerable to drifted seasonal or newly emerged pandemic strains. Therefore, universal flu vaccine approaches that induce broad immunity against conserved parts of influenza have top priority in research. Cross-reactive T cell responses, especially tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract, provide efficient heterologous immunity, and must therefore be a key component of universal flu vaccines. Here, we review recent findings about T cell-based flu immunity, with an emphasis on tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract of humans and different animal models. Furthermore, we provide an update on preclinical and clinical studies evaluating T cell-evoking flu vaccines, and discuss the implementation of T cell immunity in real-life vaccine policies.
Keywords: T cells; TRM; influenza; influenza vaccine; tissue-resident memory T cells; universal flu vaccine; vaccine.
. 2021 Jan 28;13(2):199.
doi: 10.3390/v13020199.
T Cell Immunity against Influenza: The Long Way from Animal Models Towards a Real-Life Universal Flu Vaccine
Anna Schmidt[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Dennis Lapuente[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 33525620
- DOI: 10.3390/v13020199
Abstract
Current flu vaccines rely on the induction of strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, which leaves the population vulnerable to drifted seasonal or newly emerged pandemic strains. Therefore, universal flu vaccine approaches that induce broad immunity against conserved parts of influenza have top priority in research. Cross-reactive T cell responses, especially tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract, provide efficient heterologous immunity, and must therefore be a key component of universal flu vaccines. Here, we review recent findings about T cell-based flu immunity, with an emphasis on tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract of humans and different animal models. Furthermore, we provide an update on preclinical and clinical studies evaluating T cell-evoking flu vaccines, and discuss the implementation of T cell immunity in real-life vaccine policies.
Keywords: T cells; TRM; influenza; influenza vaccine; tissue-resident memory T cells; universal flu vaccine; vaccine.