tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Viruses
. 2021 Jun 14;13(6):1143.
doi: 10.3390/v13061143.
SARS-CoV-2 Antigenemia as a Confounding Factor in Immunodiagnostic Assays: A Case Study
Konstantinos Belogiannis[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Venetia A Florou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Paraskevi C Fragkou[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Stefanos Ferous[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Loukas Chatzis[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Aikaterini Polyzou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Nefeli Lagopati[SUP] 1 5 [/SUP], Demetrios Vassilakos[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Christos Kittas[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Athanasios G Tzioufas[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Sotirios Tsiodras[SUP] 2 [/SUP], George Sourvinos[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Vassilis G Gorgoulis[SUP] 1 5 7 8 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Humoral immunity has emerged as a vital immune component against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Nevertheless, a subset of recovered Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) paucisymptomatic/asymptomatic individuals do not generate an antibody response, constituting a paradox. We assumed that immunodiagnostic assays may operate under a competitive format within the context of antigenemia, potentially explaining this phenomenon. We present a case where persistent antigenemia/viremia was documented for at least 73 days post-symptom onset using 'in-house' methodology, and as it progressively declined, seroconversion took place late, around day 55, supporting our hypothesis. Thus, prolonged SARS-CoV-2 antigenemia/viremia could mask humoral responses, rendering, in certain cases, the phenomenon of 'non-responders' a misnomer.
Keywords: COVID-19; ELISA; SARS-CoV-2; antibody; antigenemia; immunodiagnostics; immunoprevalence; non-responders; seroconversion; viremia.
. 2021 Jun 14;13(6):1143.
doi: 10.3390/v13061143.
SARS-CoV-2 Antigenemia as a Confounding Factor in Immunodiagnostic Assays: A Case Study
Konstantinos Belogiannis[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Venetia A Florou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Paraskevi C Fragkou[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Stefanos Ferous[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Loukas Chatzis[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Aikaterini Polyzou[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Nefeli Lagopati[SUP] 1 5 [/SUP], Demetrios Vassilakos[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Christos Kittas[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Athanasios G Tzioufas[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Sotirios Tsiodras[SUP] 2 [/SUP], George Sourvinos[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Vassilis G Gorgoulis[SUP] 1 5 7 8 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 34198719
- DOI: 10.3390/v13061143
Abstract
Humoral immunity has emerged as a vital immune component against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Nevertheless, a subset of recovered Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) paucisymptomatic/asymptomatic individuals do not generate an antibody response, constituting a paradox. We assumed that immunodiagnostic assays may operate under a competitive format within the context of antigenemia, potentially explaining this phenomenon. We present a case where persistent antigenemia/viremia was documented for at least 73 days post-symptom onset using 'in-house' methodology, and as it progressively declined, seroconversion took place late, around day 55, supporting our hypothesis. Thus, prolonged SARS-CoV-2 antigenemia/viremia could mask humoral responses, rendering, in certain cases, the phenomenon of 'non-responders' a misnomer.
Keywords: COVID-19; ELISA; SARS-CoV-2; antibody; antigenemia; immunodiagnostics; immunoprevalence; non-responders; seroconversion; viremia.