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Vaccine
Available online 30 May 2013
In Press, Uncorrected Proof ? Note to users
Cover image
System factors to explain H1N1 state vaccination rates for adults in US emergency response to pandemic ☆
Open Access Article
Carlo Davila-Payana, E-mail the corresponding author,
Julie Swannb, Corresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding author,
Pascale M. Wortleyc, E-mail the corresponding author
a School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 755 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0205, USA
b School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and School of Public Policy (by courtesy), Georgia Institute of Technology, 755 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0205, USA
c Immunization Services Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC Corporate Square Building 8, Corporate Boulevard NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.069, How to Cite or Link Using DOI
Permissions & Reprints
Highlights
?
We study the impact of delivery and system factors on state H1N1 vaccination rates.
?
Coverage is associated with shorter time between allocation and ordering and shipping.
?
Coverage is also associated with number and types of ship-to sites.
?
Implications for strengthening pandemic vaccination planning are considered.
Abstract
Introduction
During the 2009?2010 H1N1 pandemic, vaccine in short supply was allocated to states pro rata by population, yet the vaccination rates of adults differed by state. States also differed in their campaign processes and decisions. Analyzing the campaign provides an opportunity to identify specific approaches that may result in higher vaccine uptake in a future event of this nature.
Objective
To determine supply chain and system factors associated with higher state H1N1 vaccination coverage for adults in a system where vaccine was in short supply.
Methods
Regression analysis of factors predicting state-specific H1N1 vaccination coverage in adults. Independent variables included state campaign information, demographics, preventive or health-seeking behavior, preparedness funding, providers, state characteristics, and H1N1-specific state data.
Results
The best model explained the variation in state-specific adult vaccination coverage with an adjusted R-squared of 0.76. We found that higher H1N1 coverage of adults is associated with program aspects including shorter lead-times (i.e., the number of days between when doses were allocated to a state and were shipped, including the time for states to order the doses) and less vaccine directed to specialist locations. Higher vaccination coverage is also positively associated with the maximum number of ship-to locations, past seasonal influenza vaccination coverage, the percentage of women with a Pap smear, the percentage of the population that is Hispanic, and negatively associated with a long duration of the epidemic peak.
Conclusion
Long lead-times may be a function of system structure or of efficiency and may suggest monitoring or redesign of distribution processes. Sending vaccine to sites with broad access could be useful when covering a general population. Existing infrastructure may be reflected in the maximum number of ship-to locations, so strengthening routine influenza vaccination programs may help during emergency vaccinations also. Future research could continue to inform program decisions.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X13006841
Available online 30 May 2013
In Press, Uncorrected Proof ? Note to users
Cover image
System factors to explain H1N1 state vaccination rates for adults in US emergency response to pandemic ☆
Open Access Article
Carlo Davila-Payana, E-mail the corresponding author,
Julie Swannb, Corresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding author,
Pascale M. Wortleyc, E-mail the corresponding author
a School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 755 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0205, USA
b School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and School of Public Policy (by courtesy), Georgia Institute of Technology, 755 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0205, USA
c Immunization Services Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC Corporate Square Building 8, Corporate Boulevard NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.069, How to Cite or Link Using DOI
Permissions & Reprints
Highlights
?
We study the impact of delivery and system factors on state H1N1 vaccination rates.
?
Coverage is associated with shorter time between allocation and ordering and shipping.
?
Coverage is also associated with number and types of ship-to sites.
?
Implications for strengthening pandemic vaccination planning are considered.
Abstract
Introduction
During the 2009?2010 H1N1 pandemic, vaccine in short supply was allocated to states pro rata by population, yet the vaccination rates of adults differed by state. States also differed in their campaign processes and decisions. Analyzing the campaign provides an opportunity to identify specific approaches that may result in higher vaccine uptake in a future event of this nature.
Objective
To determine supply chain and system factors associated with higher state H1N1 vaccination coverage for adults in a system where vaccine was in short supply.
Methods
Regression analysis of factors predicting state-specific H1N1 vaccination coverage in adults. Independent variables included state campaign information, demographics, preventive or health-seeking behavior, preparedness funding, providers, state characteristics, and H1N1-specific state data.
Results
The best model explained the variation in state-specific adult vaccination coverage with an adjusted R-squared of 0.76. We found that higher H1N1 coverage of adults is associated with program aspects including shorter lead-times (i.e., the number of days between when doses were allocated to a state and were shipped, including the time for states to order the doses) and less vaccine directed to specialist locations. Higher vaccination coverage is also positively associated with the maximum number of ship-to locations, past seasonal influenza vaccination coverage, the percentage of women with a Pap smear, the percentage of the population that is Hispanic, and negatively associated with a long duration of the epidemic peak.
Conclusion
Long lead-times may be a function of system structure or of efficiency and may suggest monitoring or redesign of distribution processes. Sending vaccine to sites with broad access could be useful when covering a general population. Existing infrastructure may be reflected in the maximum number of ship-to locations, so strengthening routine influenza vaccination programs may help during emergency vaccinations also. Future research could continue to inform program decisions.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X13006841