Sally Furniss
Well-known member
Tianjin broiler epidemic dynamic and control measures
http://www.csh.gov.cn 2008-7-12 16:48:00 China's farm produce processing network
Broiler industry is the highest rate of return of the aquaculture industry. But broiler and the rapid flow of products, chicken diseases exacerbated by the epidemic. In recent years, with high temperatures, wet, damp, and so changeable weather, many of the environmental conditions for disease pathogens once again increased.
Production of drugs and vaccines in the irrational use of the one hand, reduce the chicken in response to the vaccine's effect on the other hand to enhance the drug-resistant bacteria, resistant strains increased, leading to the normal flora disorder, caused or exacerbated by metabolic diseases , The incidence of poisoning.
Before the commercial broiler mortality rate is about 15% to 20% of the losses caused by diseases not only increase the cost of chicken, but also brought to the clinical diagnosis and treatment difficult.
1 existing problems and Analysis
1.1 Laobing still exist or mutate, and new diseases, new disease-growing
Over the years, the main broiler against a Newcastle disease epidemic, pullorum, coccidiosis, but with the frequent introduction of chicken farming industry and the scale of development, infectious bursal disease (IBD), E. coli disease, Infectious bronchitis, chronic respiratory disease (CRD) and infectious encephalomyelitis chickens has become common diseases in recent years has emerged bird flu, poultry broiler leukemia virus - J subtype, broiler low blood sugar - Integrated peak death Levy (HSMS), and other new disease.
Some of the pathogen antigen, toxicity, organizations tropic mutate, causing clinical symptoms of atypical increase.
20 cases of disease pathogens conditions have markedly increased
① high temperature, humid climate and the regional impact of the natural environment.
Harbour is located in the Tianjin area in recent years, high temperatures, wet, humid weather conditions conducive to Pseudomonas, E. coli, fungal pathogens, such as conditions for the growth and reproduction.
② improper handling of dead chickens, the spread of pathogens.
③ blind or repeated use, leading to the normal flora disorder, illness complicated.
④ immune suppression of the impact (IBD, leukemia, infectious anemia virus, avian leukosis virus - J subtype, mesh endothelial cells hyperplasia virus, etc.) so that the immune response ability, susceptibility to various diseases.
1.3 mixed infection increased number of atypical symptoms
Mycoplasma, E. coli, staphylococcus and other disease incidence rate increase every year, most only a few strains of drug-sensitive, so that the drug effect getting worse.
IB with the CRD, ND, CRD and E. coli, ND with IBD between the bacteria and all kinds of mixed infection Most of the clinical symptoms and pathological changes complicated.
1.4 mainly to infectious diseases, severe respiratory diseases
From infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease and avian influenza, chronic respiratory disease caused by respiratory diseases and other serious, especially in winter and spring is the most obvious.
1.5 nutritional and metabolic diseases, toxic diseases occur from time to time
① feed while reducing costs, some of the new product widely used in practice, but have not; ② high temperature, humidity, light, and so the impact of stress; ③ long-term respiratory disease or diarrhoeal diseases, resulting in poor digestion and absorption, Blind or repeated replacement medication, leading to the normal flora disturbance.
These reasons can cause or aggravate metabolic diseases, poisoning the occurrence of disease.
2 epidemic situation and control measures
2.1 Newcastle disease
Newcastle disease is still present on the poultry industry in Tianjin most dangerous infectious diseases.
Over the years, the Newcastle disease epidemic under control, clinical and distributed more atypical symptoms.
But in recent years, ND has a higher morbidity and mortality, infection host a wide range of highly virulent pathogenic strains of chickens immune to maintain a higher level of antibodies but still incidence.
Although the broiler show obvious symptoms of nerve, but Poujian other organs after disease is not typical.
There are a few reasons:
① NDV many susceptible animals, NDV virulent infection of these animals susceptible to long-term detoxification virus, Newcastle disease virus in chickens in China in the infection rate of over 12 percent, the disease is the main source of infection;
② NDV is a high degree of contact and the spread of the disease through the air, purifying difficult to control;
③ maternal antibody interference;
④ highly pathogenic strain of existence, we have from Hebei, Tianjin, the incidence broiler market perineural isolated high-pathogenic strain;
⑤ strain of the virus's genes and amino acid sequence analysis showed that the pathogenicity of NDV and closely related to the FO protein mutation, which can lead to toxicity of the virus, organizations such as the tropic changes to traditional vaccines can not provide satisfactory protection.
⑥ simply live vaccine caused NDVHI antibody titers of the discrete, often caused by the occurrence of atypical ND.
Vaccine is still effective measures to control ND.
Current immunization against the major broiler ND repeatedly used Ruodu Miao immune.
Recent studies show that the V4 Newcastle disease vaccine strain can stimulate the intestinal immune good, and Lasota strain can stimulate a good immune trachea.
Ⅱ choice for the first vaccine to the Department of Ⅳ of the re-Ⅰ, better-performing.
Immune-free method used by the Department of intranasal point Ⅱ eyes, can be carried out after drinking water or subcutaneous and intramuscular injection, V4 can Banliao immune.
Ruodu Miao and inactivated vaccine in recent years prove to be a better immunization program, can be used for ND often flocks in areas of immunization.
Miao live V4 application or Lasota, Miao application of the oil containing gene Ⅵ, Ⅶ of the Newcastle disease vaccine at more than a good immune effect.
Concrete is 4 to 7-day-old Ⅱ with the Department of Ⅳ or intranasally, the focus point, a half-dose injection of inactivated vaccine against NDV oil emulsion, such immunity in chickens HI price of uniformity, and discrete small.
2.2 IBD
IBD since the late 1980s has become the major infectious diseases against chicks. As IBD cause of morbidity and mortality of high-strain of the existence, IBD in the city every three to five years of regional outbreaks.
Although the vaccine receive attention, but the immune failure frequent phenomenon.
Broiler IBD popular mainly the following characteristics:
① in IBD contaminated areas only by Ruodu Miao difficult to control the incidence of IBD, and more popular on the performance of distributed or mild outbreaks in farms;
② super toxicity IBDV exist, diseased chickens IBD organizations serious bleeding, edema, the mortality rate of up to 70 percent;
③ IBD and ND, CRD, such as the mixed infection or secondary infection increased;
④ IBDV early infection can cause severe immune suppression, the chickens of Bu Zhengqi, easy to trigger a variety of infections.
Ruodu Miao and the chicks for the inactivated vaccine immunization program will be an ideal immune effect.
Use of the vaccine at 2, the first from 10 to 16-day-old eyes intranasal points, 7 to 10 day interval to a plume of water immune / IBDV only Ruodu Miao, the serum-free 10 days after chickens in IBD antibody positive rate of expansion Qiong Up to 85 percent, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of IBD.
Often in the middle of the region can be virulence of the immune Ruodu Miao drinking water, and subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mL oil emulsion vaccine (IBD organizations inactivated vaccine or cell culture vaccine IBDV); kinds of farms can guarantee that the oil MILLER Chicken uniform level of antibodies, immune to facilitate the implementation process.
In the application of vaccines to guard against Miao-toxicity caused the injury IBD, environmental pollution caused by immunosuppression and maternal antibody interference immunity.
2.3 avian flu
Bird flu is by the A-type influenza virus in poultry and wild birds occurred in the infectious disease.
AI can be damaged to varying degrees, respiratory, intestinal, reproductive and neurological several large-scale systems, performance of the major symptoms.
Most broiler chickens and respiratory symptoms, showed spirit and poor appetite, weight loss, apparent respiratory symptoms of cough, Luo Yin, sneezing, nasal sinus swelling, and so on, the mortality rate of 3% to 10%.
Avian influenza infection through various channels, spread fast and wide epidemic, we must take comprehensive measures to control.
Practice, in the middle and low toxicity or toxicity of AI infection, may allow the use of inactivated vaccine.
Large test shows that the unit price or reduce the price of inactivated vaccine clinical symptoms and reduce morbidity and mortality, but could not prevent infection and outward detoxification; inactivated vaccine can reduce the virus spread to other flocks, delay or reduce drug - Of the outbreak of the avian flu virus opportunities.
The local epidemic strain of the oil-inactivated vaccine, to reduce production losses caused by AI, to reduce viral replication and detoxification of poultry out of chances.
Available at the commercial broiler 3 to 7-day-old immunization only 0.3 mL, two weeks after inoculation have immunity to protect the entire feeding period.
E. coli disease
Broiler E. coli occurred mainly in three stages:
① newborn chicks two to five days, killed more embryos because of infection caused by infection or incubator, the mortality rate in less than five percent.
② 15 ~ 25-day-old, the use of live vaccine in more than two or three days after the occurrence of a 1% to 10% of the mortality, a general who fat. Mainly because of live virus vaccine (such as Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis vaccine) on the trachea and intestinal injuries were mild, under the conditions of the environmental stress-secondary E. coli, CRD.
A common inflammation of airbags, pneumonia, enteritis, and so on.
③ 20 ~ 35-day-old, about 5% of morbidity, more because of ascites, plus packing too thick, dirty air, such as E. coli trigger.
Zhou clinical liver inflammation, balloon-yan, pericarditis, pneumonia, and other more common.
At present most of the disease prevention and control use of antibiotics, but because of the abuse of antibiotics has many strains resistant to control effect of getting worse.
Separation of drug sensitivity tests showed that: Most of strains in addition to the GM, furazolidone, cefoperazone, amikacin, the lower the resistance to other antibiotic resistance are quite common.
Separation of chicken on the E. coli study shows that even the same area in different regions of different serotypes farms are different, the vaccine has proven to be effective. Broilers of E. coli disease prevention and control, in chickens prior to the onset of 10 to 1.5 days in the region selection of the more isolated from oil-price E. coli vaccine immunization, Meizhi Ji subcutaneous injection of 0.25 ~ 0.3 mL, in a broiler production Before re-immunization 1, each 0.5 mL.
In recent years, isolated areas of the pathogenic E. coli serotype advantages, and further screening to fully express immune protection of outer membrane protein antigen developed many strains of E. coli at the outer membrane protein vaccine will not only improve the protection rate, Vaccination can reduce the immune response.
2.5 chicken chronic respiratory disease
CRD MG is caused by a chronic infectious disease, chickens can be generally positive, MG-positive chicken.
In recent years several large-scale chicken farms were serological survey revealed that MG-positive rate is generally 15 percent to 50 percent, individual up to 90 percent. CRD in the broiler main reasons:
① Breeders vertical transmission.
② high rate of infected chickens, is generally 30 percent to 90 percent, once infected, the virus for life. ③ injury respiratory mucosa, induced by factors such as lower resistance.
A. Environmental and non-infectious factors: low-temperature environment (climate mutation, Brooding low temperature), this time accompanied the ascites syndrome; bad ventilation, poor sanitation, ammonia concentration of high density; malnutrition, especially VA缺乏.
B. respiratory tract infection: NDV, IBV, AI infection, airway epithelial injury; NDV, IBV vaccine drugs, in particular, spray, live in a toxic vaccine in a proliferation of respiratory, intestinal slight injury (such as IBV - H52), easy to cause the epidemic. C.IBDV、CAV和REV等，
C. immunosuppressive virus infection: IBDV, CAV and REV, respiratory mucosa at the lack of local immune function.
④ secondary bacterial infection, adding to illness; Mycoplasma respiratory epithelial injury, opened the E. Coli, pasteurellosis, Staphylococcus penetrated the door.
Clinical balloon to Yan, pneumonia, Endophthalmitis多见.
① respiratory symptoms: nasal fluid flow, of sneezes, the rejection nose, cough, particularly clear-tracheal Romania, ② conjunctivitis and swelling of the eyelids, some chicken blind; ③ systemic symptoms: the spirit, loss of appetite, weight loss; ④ hidden at the time Are difficult to cure, with the administration, climate change and nutrition% 26 quot; Miyoshi three bad% 26 quot;; ⑤ on chicken production performance of: A. Chicken: egg drop, the fertilized egg hatching rate and the rate of decline, Dead embryos, embryo weak increase in feed conversion decline in death rate of increase of Amoy; B. broiler: stunted growth, feed conversion decline in broiler grades drop, the mortality rate increased (5% to 30%).
CRD on the control of sensitive in addition to the use of antibiotics in chickens control, but also in strengthening the health measures under the premise of strict quarantine, disinfection and gradually bring the chicken purification.
Chicken virus disease in the immune process, as far as possible prevent the application of high toxicity of the vaccine strains to prevent the application of the vaccine intervals too short.
MG vaccine currently there are mainly three kinds:
① F line is widely used vaccine, the middle and low toxicity of the MG-serum, Mycoplasma apply to the local epidemic of the disease was more TSE farms.
Intranasal use, point eyes, aerosol or drinking water and other means immune.
Usually applied to more than 8-week-old chickens, but also in the middle of the morning to open the application at any time, can effectively prevent the loss of egg production.
F virulence strains too, can not be used for turkey or chicken.
F strains of vaccine can provide a high level of protection against infection of the field and can significantly reduce the number of upper respiratory tract MG.
Keeping in reserve for long-term application of F flocks of vaccines, may gradually remove more old chicken farm MG field of infection.
② ts-11 strains developed by Whithear and has been applied to Australia for many years, and then in the development and application of the United States.
③ 6 / 85 strains of Intervet Development Corporation in the United States has been applied to goods laying hens.
The two non-pathogenic strain, caused the weaker antibody response, not spread to nearby farms security, is superior to F strain.
MG the inactivated vaccine also has invested application, but Simiao stimulate low levels of antibodies, immune protection period short (about 3 months).
Application of MG attenuated ts-11株oil emulsion vaccine or immune chickens can be a better preventive effect.
Through comprehensive measures can be a positive rate of MG control in a certain range.
2.6 broiler ascites syndrome
Broiler ascites caused a lot of reasons, the incidence broiler day-old general in three weeks after more than 750 g body weight, more in winter and spring disease.
Early in ascites possible reasons are: the species by keeping the growth too fast and excess nutrients in the diet, transport and so the lack of oxygen, overheating, cold, infection and other stress factors such as stimulating.
The incidence of chicken for the performance of Chen Yu, lying to fixed, referring to pressure soft, a sense of volatility, the skin was purple.
Poujian visible body muscle bruises, swelling of the liver bruises, broken capsule, pericardial effusion, the expansion of the right ventricle, a large number of yellow abdominal effusion, 40 ~ 300 mL ranging from serious Jiaodong when mixed with yellow or white-protein clots fiber Floc of.
Prevention at the use of comprehensive measures.
Fundamental measures to improve the genetic breeding and species improvement, during transport to reduce the lack of oxygen, heat, cold, stress factors such as Enterobacter infection, keeping the process of restrictions on feeding or powder feeding (especially two weeks ago, feed In protein and energy not too high to prevent excessive growth), to prevent the growth of the heart muscle disorders, heart cycle of obstacles caused ascites.
Feeding digoxin (50 each for feeding chickens) can improve heart and blood circulation metabolism; diet or drinking water in the supplementary selenium, VE, Vc, glucose and sodium bicarbonate, urine thiadiazole dihydrochloride, such as diuretics or other diuretic medicine The prevention of ascites a better effect.
2.7 Salmonellosis
Including Salmonella pullorum, typhoid, paratyphoid and Salmonella enteritidis, to pullorum and Salmonella enteritidis the most damaging.
Currently the disease prevention and control in addition to drug control, the purification of the Breeders quarantine is still the fundamental measures.
A plate of whole blood agglutination test on quarantine and breeder chickens were all out of eggs for sensitive antibiotic medicine bath, Brooding sensitivity test phase under the sensitive choice of antibiotics used Banliao or drinking water can increase the survival rate and can reduce the carrier rate.
In addition, strict sanitation and disinfection of the disease prevention and control measures have purification extremely important role.
Application of probiotics, Chinese medicine on Salmonella prevention of disease have better results.
2.8 broiler to low blood sugar rush death syndrome (HSMS)
HSMS in recent years occurred in North China's new high-fatal disease broiler to head tremor, ataxia and paralysis, liver necrosis and cloaca stranded Mitang kind Xipian as the characteristics of its causes may be caused by an unknown virus The.
Its incidence characteristics:
① incidence mainly concentrated in the 8 to 18 days, 11 to 16-day-old died peak; good of the high incidence of the rooster, the same as keeping the child under broiler about the incidence of mother of the child three times, 21 to 35 Yi at the age of secondary ND, ND in the Code of brush symptoms and pathological changes.
② diseased blood sugar (89.8% 26 # 177; 7.9 mg/d1) was significantly lower than the chicken (220.3% 26 # 177; 8.7 mg/d1) (P <0.01).
③ typical symptoms of sudden onset, head tremors, loss Diao movement, paralysis, coma died.
④ Poujian that diffuse liver necrosis, shrinking the pancreas, duodenum bleeding, thymus, Bursa, spleen and appendix shrink tonsils and other immune organs, cloaca gathered a lot of white Mitang kind Xibian.
Microscopic observation that liver cell necrosis, lymphoid follicles emptying, lymphocytes necrosis.
Control measures:
① control light can be slowed down progress in the HSMS.
The mechanism may be physiological conditions, dark chicken can promote the release of melatonin, glycogen formation into glycogen different ways of Health, so as to effectively curb the vicious blood sugar dropped.
HSMS because the symptoms are a series of low blood sugar response, so once the control of blood sugar levels will be able to block the development of HSMS, HSMS to reduce morbidity and mortality.
② reduce stress, add water and glucose, and other measures on the multi-dimensional HSMS have some mitigation.
③ antibiotics control secondary infection.
④ application of 654-2, and other drugs, reduced smooth muscle contraction and reduce symptoms.
2.9 avian infectious bronchitis
。 The disease often on the clinical performance of two types: one is the performance of the low mortality, serious suction between the respiratory symptoms of IB; other is the performance of minor respiratory symptoms, the child of Pai gray or white Xifen, Poujian See enlarged kidney and ureter, it contains a lot of white Huaban kind of uric acid salt, the higher the mortality rate of renal-IB.
In recent years, the broiler IB to the prevalence of respiratory more common.
Chickens exist in the MG, potentially infected with the E. coli cases, the application of H52 live seedlings often arouse serious respiratory disease, the application of H120 vaccine had better results.
The disease is not serious in the region that application of H120 immunity; application of Newcastle disease IV, H52, to prevent the seedlings stimulate MG, the E. coli secondary infection in the kidney-IB could be considered a serious area of separation where the kidney-type IBV Strains of inactivated vaccine.
2.10 fowlpox
Fowlpox may occur throughout the year, but many of the summer season.
As most of the adult after only prevalence of chicken skin lesions performance, although the incidence of high mortality rates but lower broiler FP and the occurrence of epidemic were mainly seen in Xiamoqiuchu.
More mosquitoes in the summer season, can be immune to the FP.
FP immunity in three to 20 days old, specific immune time can be combined with other immunization procedures and the ones in the health condition.
FP immunity by the majority of fin thorn under the skin of the method, because it is difficult to guarantee immunity dose, immune flocks have occurred FP.
Many studies have shown that immune cells to fowlpox mainly fowlpox live Miao endothelial under the wing muscles used for syringe injection of 1 to 1.5 in the plume / only way to get more than 90 percent protection rate.
2.11 bacterial cartilage necrosis osteomyelitis
Over the past two years, Tianjin part in the broiler 2 to 5-day-old stand can not afford to have occurred, paralysis, tarsometatarsal joint softened, fractures, 7 to 15 days old when some ducks tarsometatarsal joint central thickening healing, the incidence rate of about 50% ~ 90 percent, to 9-day-old at about 10% to 15% of the ducklings died, and some mortality rate as high as 25% to 80% for the characteristics of the large number of infections, diseased chickens (Ap) have sporadic deaths, resulting in greater economic Loss.
The disease mainly infected chickens (Ap), to 3 to 15-day-old chicks in the performance serious.
shape, beak soft, thin and soft tibia, Biancui Easily broken, about 5% to 10% of the chicken (Ap) between the tibia fracture, and some chicken (Ap) 4 to 5 days after the middle of the tibia hyperplasia Biancu.
To about 30 days old, about 5% to 10% of the performance of different levels of duck walk malformation, a swing step, step-or two-step overlap, walking Diediezhuangzhuang.
In addition to Poujian slightly swollen liver, the organ no significant changes.
3 to 10-day-old duck Biancui easily broken tibia, the bone marrow Chenganhongse. Periosteum swelling necrosis, Cheng Hui red. Slightly larger than the day-old duck in the performance of stocks of repair.
From different incidence Yaqun are isolated from Staphylococcus aureus.
Staphylococcus aureus disease is caused by Staphylococcus a condition of sexually transmitted diseases, mainly through the trauma infection, the main cause of trauma purulent infection.
With amikacin, ciprofloxacin, cefoperazone and other sensitive drugs to chicken (Ap) of drinking water, Zhong Qin intramuscular injection, Banliao can be effective treatment.
Adopt comprehensive measures, the timely collection, such as the ones used 100 poisoned disinfectant spray and timely disinfection incubator.
。 Zhongqin injectable oil emulsion vaccine.
3 Conclusion
3.1 The current disease response measures
Broiler for a few days ago the popular state of the disease to develop and promote the safe, practical immunization procedures and reduce stress factors can prevent a large extent, ND, IBD, AI, IB and other major infectious disease epidemics and the potent E. coli, with the original Of secondary infection. 在 ND、In ND, Mycoplasma, E. coli against serious regional, ND, AI, IB may consider promoting% 26 quot; attenuated vaccine +% 26 quot; prevention mode, raising chickens immunity; integrated into the early child, Miao live before and after the application of several secondary bacterial infection of the easy stage, to prevent sensitive application of antibacterial drugs, to reduce salmonella, E. coli, the carrier rate Mycoplasma For broiler breeder should be strengthened Mycoplasma, Salmonella , Encephalomyelitis, and other vertical transmission of infectious disease quarantine, vaccination and decontamination measures.
Only a comprehensive prevention and control measures, while strengthening the broiler low blood sugar - the peak death syndrome, and other new disease monitoring and research, can reduce the distress of chicken diseases, and ensure the healthy development of the broiler industry.
3.2 future challenges and requirements
① accession to the WTO, the globalization of the circulation of animal products of animal products require a unified international health standards.
The disease (ND, AI, salmonella) and Yao Can the control and demands more prominent.
③ breeding techniques improve the implementation of the low-input, high-output, pay attention to animal welfare (to the livestock and poultry to provide a comfortable environment and health conditions, diseases and to reduce production costs and increase the maximum return on animal products) and the Comprehensive Health breeding technology.
④ strengthen environmental protection, the environment was too much to prevent breeding of disease, feces, by-product of pollution, by-products and faeces attention to the treatment, comprehensive utilization of technology research and application.
Disclaimer Notice:
1、 1, Ben Wang reproduced original information, please specify the source: China's agricultural product processing network.
2、 Ben Wang reprint articles is all the more dissemination of information, views and do not represent Benwang responsible for the authenticity.
As a result of works, copyright and other issues do not agree to reprint this information, in two weeks, or by e-mail communication links, Ben Wang delete it immediately. 0731-5176608 Tel :0731-5176608
http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?h...5.html&usg=ALkJrhj_92qYC_EgM3oAmIF4dOg1ap7F7Q
http://www.csh.gov.cn 2008-7-12 16:48:00 China's farm produce processing network
Broiler industry is the highest rate of return of the aquaculture industry. But broiler and the rapid flow of products, chicken diseases exacerbated by the epidemic. In recent years, with high temperatures, wet, damp, and so changeable weather, many of the environmental conditions for disease pathogens once again increased.
Production of drugs and vaccines in the irrational use of the one hand, reduce the chicken in response to the vaccine's effect on the other hand to enhance the drug-resistant bacteria, resistant strains increased, leading to the normal flora disorder, caused or exacerbated by metabolic diseases , The incidence of poisoning.
Before the commercial broiler mortality rate is about 15% to 20% of the losses caused by diseases not only increase the cost of chicken, but also brought to the clinical diagnosis and treatment difficult.
1 existing problems and Analysis
1.1 Laobing still exist or mutate, and new diseases, new disease-growing
Over the years, the main broiler against a Newcastle disease epidemic, pullorum, coccidiosis, but with the frequent introduction of chicken farming industry and the scale of development, infectious bursal disease (IBD), E. coli disease, Infectious bronchitis, chronic respiratory disease (CRD) and infectious encephalomyelitis chickens has become common diseases in recent years has emerged bird flu, poultry broiler leukemia virus - J subtype, broiler low blood sugar - Integrated peak death Levy (HSMS), and other new disease.
Some of the pathogen antigen, toxicity, organizations tropic mutate, causing clinical symptoms of atypical increase.
20 cases of disease pathogens conditions have markedly increased
① high temperature, humid climate and the regional impact of the natural environment.
Harbour is located in the Tianjin area in recent years, high temperatures, wet, humid weather conditions conducive to Pseudomonas, E. coli, fungal pathogens, such as conditions for the growth and reproduction.
② improper handling of dead chickens, the spread of pathogens.
③ blind or repeated use, leading to the normal flora disorder, illness complicated.
④ immune suppression of the impact (IBD, leukemia, infectious anemia virus, avian leukosis virus - J subtype, mesh endothelial cells hyperplasia virus, etc.) so that the immune response ability, susceptibility to various diseases.
1.3 mixed infection increased number of atypical symptoms
Mycoplasma, E. coli, staphylococcus and other disease incidence rate increase every year, most only a few strains of drug-sensitive, so that the drug effect getting worse.
IB with the CRD, ND, CRD and E. coli, ND with IBD between the bacteria and all kinds of mixed infection Most of the clinical symptoms and pathological changes complicated.
1.4 mainly to infectious diseases, severe respiratory diseases
From infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease and avian influenza, chronic respiratory disease caused by respiratory diseases and other serious, especially in winter and spring is the most obvious.
1.5 nutritional and metabolic diseases, toxic diseases occur from time to time
① feed while reducing costs, some of the new product widely used in practice, but have not; ② high temperature, humidity, light, and so the impact of stress; ③ long-term respiratory disease or diarrhoeal diseases, resulting in poor digestion and absorption, Blind or repeated replacement medication, leading to the normal flora disturbance.
These reasons can cause or aggravate metabolic diseases, poisoning the occurrence of disease.
2 epidemic situation and control measures
2.1 Newcastle disease
Newcastle disease is still present on the poultry industry in Tianjin most dangerous infectious diseases.
Over the years, the Newcastle disease epidemic under control, clinical and distributed more atypical symptoms.
But in recent years, ND has a higher morbidity and mortality, infection host a wide range of highly virulent pathogenic strains of chickens immune to maintain a higher level of antibodies but still incidence.
Although the broiler show obvious symptoms of nerve, but Poujian other organs after disease is not typical.
There are a few reasons:
① NDV many susceptible animals, NDV virulent infection of these animals susceptible to long-term detoxification virus, Newcastle disease virus in chickens in China in the infection rate of over 12 percent, the disease is the main source of infection;
② NDV is a high degree of contact and the spread of the disease through the air, purifying difficult to control;
③ maternal antibody interference;
④ highly pathogenic strain of existence, we have from Hebei, Tianjin, the incidence broiler market perineural isolated high-pathogenic strain;
⑤ strain of the virus's genes and amino acid sequence analysis showed that the pathogenicity of NDV and closely related to the FO protein mutation, which can lead to toxicity of the virus, organizations such as the tropic changes to traditional vaccines can not provide satisfactory protection.
⑥ simply live vaccine caused NDVHI antibody titers of the discrete, often caused by the occurrence of atypical ND.
Vaccine is still effective measures to control ND.
Current immunization against the major broiler ND repeatedly used Ruodu Miao immune.
Recent studies show that the V4 Newcastle disease vaccine strain can stimulate the intestinal immune good, and Lasota strain can stimulate a good immune trachea.
Ⅱ choice for the first vaccine to the Department of Ⅳ of the re-Ⅰ, better-performing.
Immune-free method used by the Department of intranasal point Ⅱ eyes, can be carried out after drinking water or subcutaneous and intramuscular injection, V4 can Banliao immune.
Ruodu Miao and inactivated vaccine in recent years prove to be a better immunization program, can be used for ND often flocks in areas of immunization.
Miao live V4 application or Lasota, Miao application of the oil containing gene Ⅵ, Ⅶ of the Newcastle disease vaccine at more than a good immune effect.
Concrete is 4 to 7-day-old Ⅱ with the Department of Ⅳ or intranasally, the focus point, a half-dose injection of inactivated vaccine against NDV oil emulsion, such immunity in chickens HI price of uniformity, and discrete small.
2.2 IBD
IBD since the late 1980s has become the major infectious diseases against chicks. As IBD cause of morbidity and mortality of high-strain of the existence, IBD in the city every three to five years of regional outbreaks.
Although the vaccine receive attention, but the immune failure frequent phenomenon.
Broiler IBD popular mainly the following characteristics:
① in IBD contaminated areas only by Ruodu Miao difficult to control the incidence of IBD, and more popular on the performance of distributed or mild outbreaks in farms;
② super toxicity IBDV exist, diseased chickens IBD organizations serious bleeding, edema, the mortality rate of up to 70 percent;
③ IBD and ND, CRD, such as the mixed infection or secondary infection increased;
④ IBDV early infection can cause severe immune suppression, the chickens of Bu Zhengqi, easy to trigger a variety of infections.
Ruodu Miao and the chicks for the inactivated vaccine immunization program will be an ideal immune effect.
Use of the vaccine at 2, the first from 10 to 16-day-old eyes intranasal points, 7 to 10 day interval to a plume of water immune / IBDV only Ruodu Miao, the serum-free 10 days after chickens in IBD antibody positive rate of expansion Qiong Up to 85 percent, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of IBD.
Often in the middle of the region can be virulence of the immune Ruodu Miao drinking water, and subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mL oil emulsion vaccine (IBD organizations inactivated vaccine or cell culture vaccine IBDV); kinds of farms can guarantee that the oil MILLER Chicken uniform level of antibodies, immune to facilitate the implementation process.
In the application of vaccines to guard against Miao-toxicity caused the injury IBD, environmental pollution caused by immunosuppression and maternal antibody interference immunity.
2.3 avian flu
Bird flu is by the A-type influenza virus in poultry and wild birds occurred in the infectious disease.
AI can be damaged to varying degrees, respiratory, intestinal, reproductive and neurological several large-scale systems, performance of the major symptoms.
Most broiler chickens and respiratory symptoms, showed spirit and poor appetite, weight loss, apparent respiratory symptoms of cough, Luo Yin, sneezing, nasal sinus swelling, and so on, the mortality rate of 3% to 10%.
Avian influenza infection through various channels, spread fast and wide epidemic, we must take comprehensive measures to control.
Practice, in the middle and low toxicity or toxicity of AI infection, may allow the use of inactivated vaccine.
Large test shows that the unit price or reduce the price of inactivated vaccine clinical symptoms and reduce morbidity and mortality, but could not prevent infection and outward detoxification; inactivated vaccine can reduce the virus spread to other flocks, delay or reduce drug - Of the outbreak of the avian flu virus opportunities.
The local epidemic strain of the oil-inactivated vaccine, to reduce production losses caused by AI, to reduce viral replication and detoxification of poultry out of chances.
Available at the commercial broiler 3 to 7-day-old immunization only 0.3 mL, two weeks after inoculation have immunity to protect the entire feeding period.
E. coli disease
Broiler E. coli occurred mainly in three stages:
① newborn chicks two to five days, killed more embryos because of infection caused by infection or incubator, the mortality rate in less than five percent.
② 15 ~ 25-day-old, the use of live vaccine in more than two or three days after the occurrence of a 1% to 10% of the mortality, a general who fat. Mainly because of live virus vaccine (such as Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis vaccine) on the trachea and intestinal injuries were mild, under the conditions of the environmental stress-secondary E. coli, CRD.
A common inflammation of airbags, pneumonia, enteritis, and so on.
③ 20 ~ 35-day-old, about 5% of morbidity, more because of ascites, plus packing too thick, dirty air, such as E. coli trigger.
Zhou clinical liver inflammation, balloon-yan, pericarditis, pneumonia, and other more common.
At present most of the disease prevention and control use of antibiotics, but because of the abuse of antibiotics has many strains resistant to control effect of getting worse.
Separation of drug sensitivity tests showed that: Most of strains in addition to the GM, furazolidone, cefoperazone, amikacin, the lower the resistance to other antibiotic resistance are quite common.
Separation of chicken on the E. coli study shows that even the same area in different regions of different serotypes farms are different, the vaccine has proven to be effective. Broilers of E. coli disease prevention and control, in chickens prior to the onset of 10 to 1.5 days in the region selection of the more isolated from oil-price E. coli vaccine immunization, Meizhi Ji subcutaneous injection of 0.25 ~ 0.3 mL, in a broiler production Before re-immunization 1, each 0.5 mL.
In recent years, isolated areas of the pathogenic E. coli serotype advantages, and further screening to fully express immune protection of outer membrane protein antigen developed many strains of E. coli at the outer membrane protein vaccine will not only improve the protection rate, Vaccination can reduce the immune response.
2.5 chicken chronic respiratory disease
CRD MG is caused by a chronic infectious disease, chickens can be generally positive, MG-positive chicken.
In recent years several large-scale chicken farms were serological survey revealed that MG-positive rate is generally 15 percent to 50 percent, individual up to 90 percent. CRD in the broiler main reasons:
① Breeders vertical transmission.
② high rate of infected chickens, is generally 30 percent to 90 percent, once infected, the virus for life. ③ injury respiratory mucosa, induced by factors such as lower resistance.
A. Environmental and non-infectious factors: low-temperature environment (climate mutation, Brooding low temperature), this time accompanied the ascites syndrome; bad ventilation, poor sanitation, ammonia concentration of high density; malnutrition, especially VA缺乏.
B. respiratory tract infection: NDV, IBV, AI infection, airway epithelial injury; NDV, IBV vaccine drugs, in particular, spray, live in a toxic vaccine in a proliferation of respiratory, intestinal slight injury (such as IBV - H52), easy to cause the epidemic. C.IBDV、CAV和REV等，
C. immunosuppressive virus infection: IBDV, CAV and REV, respiratory mucosa at the lack of local immune function.
④ secondary bacterial infection, adding to illness; Mycoplasma respiratory epithelial injury, opened the E. Coli, pasteurellosis, Staphylococcus penetrated the door.
Clinical balloon to Yan, pneumonia, Endophthalmitis多见.
① respiratory symptoms: nasal fluid flow, of sneezes, the rejection nose, cough, particularly clear-tracheal Romania, ② conjunctivitis and swelling of the eyelids, some chicken blind; ③ systemic symptoms: the spirit, loss of appetite, weight loss; ④ hidden at the time Are difficult to cure, with the administration, climate change and nutrition% 26 quot; Miyoshi three bad% 26 quot;; ⑤ on chicken production performance of: A. Chicken: egg drop, the fertilized egg hatching rate and the rate of decline, Dead embryos, embryo weak increase in feed conversion decline in death rate of increase of Amoy; B. broiler: stunted growth, feed conversion decline in broiler grades drop, the mortality rate increased (5% to 30%).
CRD on the control of sensitive in addition to the use of antibiotics in chickens control, but also in strengthening the health measures under the premise of strict quarantine, disinfection and gradually bring the chicken purification.
Chicken virus disease in the immune process, as far as possible prevent the application of high toxicity of the vaccine strains to prevent the application of the vaccine intervals too short.
MG vaccine currently there are mainly three kinds:
① F line is widely used vaccine, the middle and low toxicity of the MG-serum, Mycoplasma apply to the local epidemic of the disease was more TSE farms.
Intranasal use, point eyes, aerosol or drinking water and other means immune.
Usually applied to more than 8-week-old chickens, but also in the middle of the morning to open the application at any time, can effectively prevent the loss of egg production.
F virulence strains too, can not be used for turkey or chicken.
F strains of vaccine can provide a high level of protection against infection of the field and can significantly reduce the number of upper respiratory tract MG.
Keeping in reserve for long-term application of F flocks of vaccines, may gradually remove more old chicken farm MG field of infection.
② ts-11 strains developed by Whithear and has been applied to Australia for many years, and then in the development and application of the United States.
③ 6 / 85 strains of Intervet Development Corporation in the United States has been applied to goods laying hens.
The two non-pathogenic strain, caused the weaker antibody response, not spread to nearby farms security, is superior to F strain.
MG the inactivated vaccine also has invested application, but Simiao stimulate low levels of antibodies, immune protection period short (about 3 months).
Application of MG attenuated ts-11株oil emulsion vaccine or immune chickens can be a better preventive effect.
Through comprehensive measures can be a positive rate of MG control in a certain range.
2.6 broiler ascites syndrome
Broiler ascites caused a lot of reasons, the incidence broiler day-old general in three weeks after more than 750 g body weight, more in winter and spring disease.
Early in ascites possible reasons are: the species by keeping the growth too fast and excess nutrients in the diet, transport and so the lack of oxygen, overheating, cold, infection and other stress factors such as stimulating.
The incidence of chicken for the performance of Chen Yu, lying to fixed, referring to pressure soft, a sense of volatility, the skin was purple.
Poujian visible body muscle bruises, swelling of the liver bruises, broken capsule, pericardial effusion, the expansion of the right ventricle, a large number of yellow abdominal effusion, 40 ~ 300 mL ranging from serious Jiaodong when mixed with yellow or white-protein clots fiber Floc of.
Prevention at the use of comprehensive measures.
Fundamental measures to improve the genetic breeding and species improvement, during transport to reduce the lack of oxygen, heat, cold, stress factors such as Enterobacter infection, keeping the process of restrictions on feeding or powder feeding (especially two weeks ago, feed In protein and energy not too high to prevent excessive growth), to prevent the growth of the heart muscle disorders, heart cycle of obstacles caused ascites.
Feeding digoxin (50 each for feeding chickens) can improve heart and blood circulation metabolism; diet or drinking water in the supplementary selenium, VE, Vc, glucose and sodium bicarbonate, urine thiadiazole dihydrochloride, such as diuretics or other diuretic medicine The prevention of ascites a better effect.
2.7 Salmonellosis
Including Salmonella pullorum, typhoid, paratyphoid and Salmonella enteritidis, to pullorum and Salmonella enteritidis the most damaging.
Currently the disease prevention and control in addition to drug control, the purification of the Breeders quarantine is still the fundamental measures.
A plate of whole blood agglutination test on quarantine and breeder chickens were all out of eggs for sensitive antibiotic medicine bath, Brooding sensitivity test phase under the sensitive choice of antibiotics used Banliao or drinking water can increase the survival rate and can reduce the carrier rate.
In addition, strict sanitation and disinfection of the disease prevention and control measures have purification extremely important role.
Application of probiotics, Chinese medicine on Salmonella prevention of disease have better results.
2.8 broiler to low blood sugar rush death syndrome (HSMS)
HSMS in recent years occurred in North China's new high-fatal disease broiler to head tremor, ataxia and paralysis, liver necrosis and cloaca stranded Mitang kind Xipian as the characteristics of its causes may be caused by an unknown virus The.
Its incidence characteristics:
① incidence mainly concentrated in the 8 to 18 days, 11 to 16-day-old died peak; good of the high incidence of the rooster, the same as keeping the child under broiler about the incidence of mother of the child three times, 21 to 35 Yi at the age of secondary ND, ND in the Code of brush symptoms and pathological changes.
② diseased blood sugar (89.8% 26 # 177; 7.9 mg/d1) was significantly lower than the chicken (220.3% 26 # 177; 8.7 mg/d1) (P <0.01).
③ typical symptoms of sudden onset, head tremors, loss Diao movement, paralysis, coma died.
④ Poujian that diffuse liver necrosis, shrinking the pancreas, duodenum bleeding, thymus, Bursa, spleen and appendix shrink tonsils and other immune organs, cloaca gathered a lot of white Mitang kind Xibian.
Microscopic observation that liver cell necrosis, lymphoid follicles emptying, lymphocytes necrosis.
Control measures:
① control light can be slowed down progress in the HSMS.
The mechanism may be physiological conditions, dark chicken can promote the release of melatonin, glycogen formation into glycogen different ways of Health, so as to effectively curb the vicious blood sugar dropped.
HSMS because the symptoms are a series of low blood sugar response, so once the control of blood sugar levels will be able to block the development of HSMS, HSMS to reduce morbidity and mortality.
② reduce stress, add water and glucose, and other measures on the multi-dimensional HSMS have some mitigation.
③ antibiotics control secondary infection.
④ application of 654-2, and other drugs, reduced smooth muscle contraction and reduce symptoms.
2.9 avian infectious bronchitis
。 The disease often on the clinical performance of two types: one is the performance of the low mortality, serious suction between the respiratory symptoms of IB; other is the performance of minor respiratory symptoms, the child of Pai gray or white Xifen, Poujian See enlarged kidney and ureter, it contains a lot of white Huaban kind of uric acid salt, the higher the mortality rate of renal-IB.
In recent years, the broiler IB to the prevalence of respiratory more common.
Chickens exist in the MG, potentially infected with the E. coli cases, the application of H52 live seedlings often arouse serious respiratory disease, the application of H120 vaccine had better results.
The disease is not serious in the region that application of H120 immunity; application of Newcastle disease IV, H52, to prevent the seedlings stimulate MG, the E. coli secondary infection in the kidney-IB could be considered a serious area of separation where the kidney-type IBV Strains of inactivated vaccine.
2.10 fowlpox
Fowlpox may occur throughout the year, but many of the summer season.
As most of the adult after only prevalence of chicken skin lesions performance, although the incidence of high mortality rates but lower broiler FP and the occurrence of epidemic were mainly seen in Xiamoqiuchu.
More mosquitoes in the summer season, can be immune to the FP.
FP immunity in three to 20 days old, specific immune time can be combined with other immunization procedures and the ones in the health condition.
FP immunity by the majority of fin thorn under the skin of the method, because it is difficult to guarantee immunity dose, immune flocks have occurred FP.
Many studies have shown that immune cells to fowlpox mainly fowlpox live Miao endothelial under the wing muscles used for syringe injection of 1 to 1.5 in the plume / only way to get more than 90 percent protection rate.
2.11 bacterial cartilage necrosis osteomyelitis
Over the past two years, Tianjin part in the broiler 2 to 5-day-old stand can not afford to have occurred, paralysis, tarsometatarsal joint softened, fractures, 7 to 15 days old when some ducks tarsometatarsal joint central thickening healing, the incidence rate of about 50% ~ 90 percent, to 9-day-old at about 10% to 15% of the ducklings died, and some mortality rate as high as 25% to 80% for the characteristics of the large number of infections, diseased chickens (Ap) have sporadic deaths, resulting in greater economic Loss.
The disease mainly infected chickens (Ap), to 3 to 15-day-old chicks in the performance serious.
shape, beak soft, thin and soft tibia, Biancui Easily broken, about 5% to 10% of the chicken (Ap) between the tibia fracture, and some chicken (Ap) 4 to 5 days after the middle of the tibia hyperplasia Biancu.
To about 30 days old, about 5% to 10% of the performance of different levels of duck walk malformation, a swing step, step-or two-step overlap, walking Diediezhuangzhuang.
In addition to Poujian slightly swollen liver, the organ no significant changes.
3 to 10-day-old duck Biancui easily broken tibia, the bone marrow Chenganhongse. Periosteum swelling necrosis, Cheng Hui red. Slightly larger than the day-old duck in the performance of stocks of repair.
From different incidence Yaqun are isolated from Staphylococcus aureus.
Staphylococcus aureus disease is caused by Staphylococcus a condition of sexually transmitted diseases, mainly through the trauma infection, the main cause of trauma purulent infection.
With amikacin, ciprofloxacin, cefoperazone and other sensitive drugs to chicken (Ap) of drinking water, Zhong Qin intramuscular injection, Banliao can be effective treatment.
Adopt comprehensive measures, the timely collection, such as the ones used 100 poisoned disinfectant spray and timely disinfection incubator.
。 Zhongqin injectable oil emulsion vaccine.
3 Conclusion
3.1 The current disease response measures
Broiler for a few days ago the popular state of the disease to develop and promote the safe, practical immunization procedures and reduce stress factors can prevent a large extent, ND, IBD, AI, IB and other major infectious disease epidemics and the potent E. coli, with the original Of secondary infection. 在 ND、In ND, Mycoplasma, E. coli against serious regional, ND, AI, IB may consider promoting% 26 quot; attenuated vaccine +% 26 quot; prevention mode, raising chickens immunity; integrated into the early child, Miao live before and after the application of several secondary bacterial infection of the easy stage, to prevent sensitive application of antibacterial drugs, to reduce salmonella, E. coli, the carrier rate Mycoplasma For broiler breeder should be strengthened Mycoplasma, Salmonella , Encephalomyelitis, and other vertical transmission of infectious disease quarantine, vaccination and decontamination measures.
Only a comprehensive prevention and control measures, while strengthening the broiler low blood sugar - the peak death syndrome, and other new disease monitoring and research, can reduce the distress of chicken diseases, and ensure the healthy development of the broiler industry.
3.2 future challenges and requirements
① accession to the WTO, the globalization of the circulation of animal products of animal products require a unified international health standards.
The disease (ND, AI, salmonella) and Yao Can the control and demands more prominent.
③ breeding techniques improve the implementation of the low-input, high-output, pay attention to animal welfare (to the livestock and poultry to provide a comfortable environment and health conditions, diseases and to reduce production costs and increase the maximum return on animal products) and the Comprehensive Health breeding technology.
④ strengthen environmental protection, the environment was too much to prevent breeding of disease, feces, by-product of pollution, by-products and faeces attention to the treatment, comprehensive utilization of technology research and application.
Disclaimer Notice:
1、 1, Ben Wang reproduced original information, please specify the source: China's agricultural product processing network.
2、 Ben Wang reprint articles is all the more dissemination of information, views and do not represent Benwang responsible for the authenticity.
As a result of works, copyright and other issues do not agree to reprint this information, in two weeks, or by e-mail communication links, Ben Wang delete it immediately. 0731-5176608 Tel :0731-5176608
http://64.233.179.104/translate_c?h...5.html&usg=ALkJrhj_92qYC_EgM3oAmIF4dOg1ap7F7Q