Published Date: 2016-05-19 20:40:53
Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Undiagnosed hemorrhagic illness - South Sudan
Archive Number: 20160519.4233420
UNDIAGNOSED HEMORRHAGIC ILLNESS - SOUTH SUDAN
*********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Thu 19 May 2016
Source: WHO Global Alert and Response, Disease Outbreak News [edited]
http://www.who.int/csr/don/19-may-2016-hf-south-sudan/en/
Between late December 2015 and early May 2016, the National IHR Focal of South Sudan notified WHO of an outbreak of haemorrhagic fever syndrome.
As of 9 May [2016], a total of 51 suspected cases, including 10 deaths, had been reported from the counties of Aweil North (45 cases, including 10 deaths) and Aweil West (6 cases). No health care workers had been reported among the cases. The majority (74.5 percent) of the suspected cases are below 20 years of age. The last recorded death dates back to 28 Feb [2016].
The most frequent symptoms include unexplained bleeding, fever, fatigue, headache and vomiting. The symptoms do not seem to be severe and rapidly resolve following supportive treatment. Currently, there is no evidence of person-to-person transmission of the disease.
Samples of 33 patients were shipped to WHO collaborating centres in Uganda (Uganda Virus Research Institute), Senegal (Institut Pasteur of Dakar) and South Africa (National Institute for Communicable Diseases). The samples were tested by plaque reduction neutralization test, polymerase chain reaction or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All samples were negative for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease, Marburg virus disease, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, West Nile virus and Zika virus; 5 samples tested positive for onyong-nyong virus; 3 samples were positive for chikungunya; and 1 sample tested positive for dengue virus.
Further laboratory testing is ongoing that may confirm the causative agent. Other causes under investigation include bacterial diseases (e.g., Leptospirosis) and food intoxication (mycotoxins). Ecological risk factors for arboviral disease transmission were identified in the affected areas.
Public health response
----------------------
With support from WHO, national authorities have conducted a number of public health activities, including investigating and managing all newly reported suspected cases, strengthening infection prevention and control as well as improving disease surveillance. Furthermore, community meetings have been conducted to raise people's awareness of haemorrhagic fever. Finally, in response to a request from the WHO Country Office, laboratory supplies have been mobilized by the WHO Regional Office for Africa.
WHO risk assessment
-------------------
The laboratory results received so far do not explain the symptomatology (unexplained bleeding) of the reported cases nor the high mortality rate. Since the underlying cause of this public health event remains unknown, close monitoring and further epidemiological investigation is needed.
The area where the outbreak is occurring borders Darfur in Sudan where at least 469 cases of undiagnosed viral haemorrhagic fever, including 120 deaths, were reported between August and November 2015. Because of frequent population cross-border movement between Sudan and South Sudan, the risk of international spread of the disease cannot be ruled out. WHO continues to monitor the epidemiological situation and conduct risk assessments based on the latest available information.
WHO advice
----------
WHO does not recommend any restriction of travel and trade to South Sudan based on the information available.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Despite several viral pathogens being ruled out by laboratory tests, the etiology of this hemorrhagic disease remains unknown. ProMED will be interested in knowing the results of the additional ongoing laboratory tests. Interestingly, there was a similar outbreak of suspected hemorrhagic disease in southern Sudan in 1999, with an estimated 3600 deaths. Professor Robert Swanepoel of the University of Pretoria, South Africa, was head of the Special Pathogens Unit at the time, and screened the samples for all of the usual causes of suspected haemorrhagic fever in Africa without positive result, and, as a last resort, he examined the serum samples by dark field microscopy for the possible presence of leptospires and was astonished to find borrelias. He subsequently confirmed the identity of the bacterium as _Borrelia recurrentis_, the etiological agent of louse-borne relapsing fever, by PCR. (See ProMED-mail archive no. 20151208.3849227) It would be of interest to know if this pathogen was tested for. - Mod.TY
Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Undiagnosed hemorrhagic illness - South Sudan
Archive Number: 20160519.4233420
UNDIAGNOSED HEMORRHAGIC ILLNESS - SOUTH SUDAN
*********************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org
Date: Thu 19 May 2016
Source: WHO Global Alert and Response, Disease Outbreak News [edited]
http://www.who.int/csr/don/19-may-2016-hf-south-sudan/en/
Between late December 2015 and early May 2016, the National IHR Focal of South Sudan notified WHO of an outbreak of haemorrhagic fever syndrome.
As of 9 May [2016], a total of 51 suspected cases, including 10 deaths, had been reported from the counties of Aweil North (45 cases, including 10 deaths) and Aweil West (6 cases). No health care workers had been reported among the cases. The majority (74.5 percent) of the suspected cases are below 20 years of age. The last recorded death dates back to 28 Feb [2016].
The most frequent symptoms include unexplained bleeding, fever, fatigue, headache and vomiting. The symptoms do not seem to be severe and rapidly resolve following supportive treatment. Currently, there is no evidence of person-to-person transmission of the disease.
Samples of 33 patients were shipped to WHO collaborating centres in Uganda (Uganda Virus Research Institute), Senegal (Institut Pasteur of Dakar) and South Africa (National Institute for Communicable Diseases). The samples were tested by plaque reduction neutralization test, polymerase chain reaction or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All samples were negative for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease, Marburg virus disease, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, West Nile virus and Zika virus; 5 samples tested positive for onyong-nyong virus; 3 samples were positive for chikungunya; and 1 sample tested positive for dengue virus.
Further laboratory testing is ongoing that may confirm the causative agent. Other causes under investigation include bacterial diseases (e.g., Leptospirosis) and food intoxication (mycotoxins). Ecological risk factors for arboviral disease transmission were identified in the affected areas.
Public health response
----------------------
With support from WHO, national authorities have conducted a number of public health activities, including investigating and managing all newly reported suspected cases, strengthening infection prevention and control as well as improving disease surveillance. Furthermore, community meetings have been conducted to raise people's awareness of haemorrhagic fever. Finally, in response to a request from the WHO Country Office, laboratory supplies have been mobilized by the WHO Regional Office for Africa.
WHO risk assessment
-------------------
The laboratory results received so far do not explain the symptomatology (unexplained bleeding) of the reported cases nor the high mortality rate. Since the underlying cause of this public health event remains unknown, close monitoring and further epidemiological investigation is needed.
The area where the outbreak is occurring borders Darfur in Sudan where at least 469 cases of undiagnosed viral haemorrhagic fever, including 120 deaths, were reported between August and November 2015. Because of frequent population cross-border movement between Sudan and South Sudan, the risk of international spread of the disease cannot be ruled out. WHO continues to monitor the epidemiological situation and conduct risk assessments based on the latest available information.
WHO advice
----------
WHO does not recommend any restriction of travel and trade to South Sudan based on the information available.
--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>
[Despite several viral pathogens being ruled out by laboratory tests, the etiology of this hemorrhagic disease remains unknown. ProMED will be interested in knowing the results of the additional ongoing laboratory tests. Interestingly, there was a similar outbreak of suspected hemorrhagic disease in southern Sudan in 1999, with an estimated 3600 deaths. Professor Robert Swanepoel of the University of Pretoria, South Africa, was head of the Special Pathogens Unit at the time, and screened the samples for all of the usual causes of suspected haemorrhagic fever in Africa without positive result, and, as a last resort, he examined the serum samples by dark field microscopy for the possible presence of leptospires and was astonished to find borrelias. He subsequently confirmed the identity of the bacterium as _Borrelia recurrentis_, the etiological agent of louse-borne relapsing fever, by PCR. (See ProMED-mail archive no. 20151208.3849227) It would be of interest to know if this pathogen was tested for. - Mod.TY