slow evolution in Chinese birds

[gsgs]

Re: low mutation rates in flu-viruses

Re: low mutation rates in flu-viruses

now it seems that we can observe the same phenomenon
in North America. More and more sequences are being uploaded
and virus-segments with few differences but decades apart
appear.
I have not yet made a systematic list as above for
HK-Hubei-Henan but e.g.
A/pintail/Alaska/779/2005(H3N8)
seems to have some low-distance relatives from the 70s
or 80s in all segments.
While at the same time being close to other viruses from 2005.

segment 1 : 97.4% similarity for 14 years
segment 2 : 97.5% similarity for 12 years
segment 3 : 95.9% similarity for 26 years
segment 4 : 97.1% similarity for 27 years
segment 5 : 96.6% similarity for 24 years
segment 6 : 96.3% similarity for 28 years
segment 7 : 98.3% similarity for 27 years
segment 8 : 97.4% similarity for 26 years

these are different viruses for the segments, there
was apparantly much reassortment.

---------edit1----------
comparing 52 North American avian viruses from the 70s with
248 North American avian viruses from 2000 or later

1978-2005: 39,29,40,28,28,32,16,15

compare with Asia from post #1:

1977-2004: 29,11,17,81,13,99,14,19

minimum:

27 years: 29,11,17,28,13,32,14,15

(nucleotide-difference in 0/00)

This low-mutation evolution isn't seen in human influenza
and seems to be independent and rarer than "normal"
evolution in birds. But it contributes significantly,
so is the current H5N1 a result of this low mutation evolution
in most segments since the 70s as shown above.

What could it be ? And why isn't it in human flu ?
(but some examples for swine too !)


some possible explanations:

* the virus could persist most of the time in the environment (water ?)
and only some of the time actively replicating in birds
* the virus could persist in some special organs/places inside
some special species of birds (or other animals ?)
* the virus has a method to replicate more reliably with fewer
mutation-rates in some species under certain circumstances
(as seen with influenza-B in humans)
* some gene-configurations are particularly stable and although
the mutation rate isn't lower, only few of them survive due
to selection (including selection for synonymous mutations)



I wish more bird-sequences from the 1970s from EurAsia

 

[gsgs]

Re: low mutation rates in flu-viruses

Re: low mutation rates in flu-viruses

I want to add this for the evolution of the Alaska avian viruses
filename: swav18m.l6g

 18 >A/pintail/Alaska/779/2005(H3N8)            2314 2285 2203 1731 1530 1425  977  851   
  4:144,109, 99,447, 92,425, 69,273   A/fowl/Rostock/45/1934(H7N1)               2341 2341 2233 1741 1565 1393 1027  890
  5:141, 87, 90,494, 91,436, 64,276   A/Ck/Scotland/1959(H5N1)                   2341 2341 2233 1767 1565 1458 1027  890
  6:152,115, 91,498,116,434, 86,278   A/Bar-h Gs/Qinghai/62/05(H5N1)             2287 2298 2185 1698 1493 1361  982  831
  7:144,106, 73,489, 88,503, 65,282   A/tern/South Africa/1961(H5N3)             2341 2341 2233 1779 1565 1454 1027  890
  8:142,105, 61,491, 96,500, 57,275   A/duck/Germany/1215/1973(H2N3)             2341 2341 2233 1773 1565 1410 1027  890
  9:139, 96, 97,445, 95,483, 61,284   A/turkey/England/1963(H7N3)                2341 2341 2233 1738 1565 1369 1027  890
 10: 65, 89,115,435, 75,507, 36, 35   A/turkey/Oregon/1971(H7N3)                 2280 2280 2151 1691 1540 1419 1002  855
 11: 90,154,111,489, 64,504, 40, 50   A/duck/Memphis/546/1974(H11N9)             2341 2341  493 1760 1565 1460 1027  890
 12:142, 88, 78,493, 94,471, 75,281   A/duck/England/1956(H11N6)                 2341 2341 2233 1760 1565 1464 1027  890
 13:142, 86, 90,380, 90,481, 72,275   A/duck/Czechoslovakia/1956(H4N6)           2341 2341 2233 1738 1565 1426 1027  890
 14:140, 90,104,449, 86,516, 62,100   A/Ck/Germany/n/1949(H10N7)                 2341 2343 2233 1728 1565 1464 1027  890
 15:139, 94,105,451, 97,225, 78,281   A/quail/Italy/1117/1965(H10N8)             2341 2341 2233 1728 1565 1460 1027  890
 16:147, 83, 74,147, 93,216, 60,280   A/Dk/UKR/1/1963(H3N8)                      2341 2341 2233 1764 1565 1461 1027  890
 17:142,103, 65,152, 90,220, 65, 96   A/duck/Chabarovsk/1610/1972(H3N8)          2341 2341 2233 1765 1565 1460 1027  890
 19:104,163,141,213,138,218, 58,289   A/equine/New York/1/1983(H3N8)             2299 2302 2192 1723 1519 1425  992  850
 21:114,163,147,225,150,230, 64,289   A/swine/Chibi/01/2005/12/15(H3N8)          2341 2341 2233 1762 1565 1460 1027  889
 22:164,132,125,202,119,485, 88,283   A/swine/Hong Kong/5190/99(H3N2)            1285 1292 1535 1595 1459 1380  964  838
 23:155,125,164,206,172,487,103,274   A/Texas/UR06-0356/2007(H3N2)               2303 2297 2187 1701 1521 1428  988  848
 24:149, 88,153,161,157,488, 89,281   A/Russia/WO0200884/72(H3N2)                2341 2341 2233 1765 1565 1466 1027  890
 26:144, 83,151,483,145,486, 77,285   A/Index/1957(H2N2)                         2314 2317 2209 1730 1520 1447 1002  864
 29:140,164,147,484,151,426, 74,279   A/Index/1977(H1N1)                         2298 2300 2194 1731 1506 1426 1002  848
 34:148,175,157,495,156,431,103,287   A/Kansas/UR06-0068/2007(H1N1)              2283 2303 2197 1741 1506 1423  982  849
 36:119,153,141,477,122,420, 57,278   A/Index/early human/1935(H1N1)             2280 2274 2151 1701 1497 1410  982  838
 37:114,149,141,477,112,422, 51,275   A/Brevig Mission/1/1918(H1N1)              2280 2274 2151 1701 1497 1410  982  838
 38:127,158,140,484,120,422, 64,282   A/Sw/Index/early swine/1935(H1N1)          2280 2274 2151 1701 1497 1410  982  838
 43:139,167,161,480,152,431, 79,288   A/swine/Wisconsin/1/1957(H1N1)             2292 2298 2181 1730 1532 1418  995  855
 55: 87,122, 49,511,164,423, 85,294   A/Wisconsin/10/98(H1N1)                    1600 2341 1494 1064 1512 1458 1027  890
 57: 96,131, 66,467,164,429, 89,291   A/******/index/2009-02-01(H1N1)            2280 2274 2151 1701 1497 1410  982  863
 64: 87,128, 59,465,161,482, 95,295   A/Swine/Hong Kong/915/2004/10/14(H1N2)     2276 2266 2151 1701 1515 1428  984  861
 65: 97,125, 41,468,163,483, 72,293   A/Turkey/MO/24093/99(H1N2)                  787  706  729 1701  980 1434  360  846
 68: 78,123, 51,201,175,480, 80,291   A/Swine/Nebraska/209/1998(H3N2)            2335 2275 2151 1702 1565 1410  996  847
 69: 80,122, 46,200,163,481, 82,293   A/Sw/Index/triple-reassortant/1998(H3N2)   2341 2301 2202 1725 1565 1430 1012  870
 71: 81,123, 48,199,163,483, 80,293   A/mallard/SD/Sg-00125/2007/09/19(H3N2)     2334 2335 2226 1763 1557 1444 1017  880
 73: 66, 77, 68,479, 57,424, 33, 39   A/turkey/MO/21939/1987(H1N1)               2316 2294 2165 1748 1539 1418 1002  865
 74: 60, 56, 83,472, 58,426, 42, 33   A/swine/Saskatchewan/18789/02(H1N1)        2280 2274 2151 1701 1497 1410  982  838
 76:---,---,---,478,---,431,---,---   A/Anas crecca/Spain/1384/2007(H1N1)           3    3    3 1701    3 1410    3    3
 78:149,109, 79,480,100,430, 61,100   A/duck/Italy/69238/2007(H1N1)              2308 2308 2200 1743 1530 1422  989  887
 81:148,103,110,472, 96,432, 65,284   A/swine/Germany/2/1981(H1N1)=1578          2314 2313 2233 1778 1565 1412 1002  864
 89:163,129,134,468,119,439,106,311   A/Thailand/271/2005(H1N1)                  2301 2193 2120 1778 1541 1452  994  846
 90:141, 97, 50,481, 90,349, 69,280   A/shearwater/Australia/1/1973(H6N5)        2341 2341 2233 1744 1564 1454 1027  890
 91:142,114, 69,477,103,442, 62, 96   A/duck/Taiwan/0526/72(H6N1)                2341 2340 2233 1744 1563 1458 1027  890
 93: 93, 77,134,486, 69,483, 36, 36   A/Turkey/California/189/66(H9N2)           2257 2247 2140 1661 1505 1386  974  831
 94: 69, 72,132,486, 71,478, 38,280   A/turkey/Wisconsin/1/1966(H9N2)            2341 2341 2233 1742 1565 1467 1027  890
 95: 98,156,129,493, 69,435, 33,279   A/turkey/Ontario/6118/1968(H8N4)           2341 2341 2233 1744 1565 1462 1027  890

 

[Vibrant62]

Re: low mutation rates in flu-viruses

Re: low mutation rates in flu-viruses

Question - we know influenza virus can remain viable for an indefinite time in ice, and we are in a period of global warming and ice melts. Is it possible that viral reservoirs are being freed from ice during melts at the same time as possible hosts are around for wider dissemination, re-introducing older viral forms back into the mix?

 

[gsgs]

Re: low mutation rates in flu-viruses

Re: low mutation rates in flu-viruses

we have no evidence for this. flu has never been isolated from ice
in nature, AFAIK.
When you say: "indefinite time" then there should also be older
viruses around, 100 years or such, but that has never happened before,
AFAIK.
Also the samples from 1918 in permafrost were only small fragments,
hard to reconstruct. And they had to search a lot until they found
a body with some fragments.

maybe frozen droppings or frozen eggs or frozen bird-cadavers ?
Maybe some birds find and eat these frozen eggs, cadavers.

OK for Alaska, but in Hong Kong ??


We have a lot new bird sequences from USA and Alaska recently
shovelers,pintails,mallards, sandpiper

maybe I can make a more complete analysis when ******
stays calm


--------------------------------------

http://alaska.usgs.gov/science/biology/avian_influenza/pdfs/Pearce_et_al_Evol_Apps_2009.pdf

 

[gsgs]

Re: slow evolution in Chinese birds

The available epidemiological data indicate that H9N2 influenza viruses were not detectable in chickens in southern China from 1975 to 1985, for extensive surveillance in live poultry markets in Hong Kong during this period detected the H9 subtype only in ducks (10). The first reported isolates of H9N2 in Asia from domestic poultry were in 1992 and 1994 (11), and by 1997 reports from Korea and Europe indicated widespread H9N2 influenza virus activity (12, 13, 18).

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC17788/?tool=pubmed

 

[gsgs]

Re: slow evolution in Chinese birds

http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/4/728.htm


ahh, not a single word about the _strange_ preservation of virus-RNA over ~8 years
with only minimal mutations, if any.
Swine flu in mallards is very unusual and such preservation is also unusual and unexplained.
Waterborne transmission is assumed to be prevalent in mallards, but survival of flu in water
over 8 years is not documented.
Are these multiple waterborne transmissions over several generations but with viruses
spending most of their time in water without mutating ?
Are the viruses surviving for years without mutation in some organ
or in the environment ?
We did see similar things in H5N1 viruses isolated from egg-shells in Vietnam 2005.


----------------------------------------------
Inasmuch as we identified a swine lineage virus in waterfowl, we first investigated laboratory contamination by using trace back and history of swine virus isolations during the time the surveillance samples were processed. No H3N2 subtype were isolated from swine sources in the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory during this period. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of all HA segment sequences from isolates obtained in that 4-month period confirmed no contamination. We then investigated whether an ecologic niche existed for potential exposure of waterfowl to pigs. We identified a swine herd near the wildlife refuge area where the waterfowl sampling occurred. Pigs were housed outdoors, and the owner of this swine herd reported that geese and ducks inhabit the water ponds/stock dams/slough area to which the pigs had access
...
Respiratory secretions from the pigs possibly could have spread to birds through aerosols or droplets. It is also likely that swine and waterfowl shared common water sources, which contained feces from influenza-infected waterfowl or respiratory secretions from influenza-infected swine. This mode of influenza virus transmission from birds to pigs has been documented (6–9). Indeed, a waterborne source for transmission is most likely because influenza A virus can persist in water for several months depending on environmental factors such as pH, temperature, and salinity (10). Finally, because the swine herd in this area was housed outdoors in open pens, direct interaction with waterfowl was possible.
--------------------------------------------------

--------edit-------
mixed populations in these mallards:
http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007105

 

[mixin]

Re: slow evolution in Chinese birds

ahh, not a single word about the _strange_ preservation of virus-RNA over ~8 years with only minimal mutations, if any.

Can the virus survive freezing and thawing multiple times?

 

[gsgs]

Re: slow evolution in Chinese birds

it has not been demonstrated. I assume the virus wouldn't notice
freezing at all.
You won't find these extreme preservations, even in Alaska.
Once there was a paper about flu in Sibirean ice, but
it was probably just a lab-error, contamination.


(the preservation is on the nucleotide-level, not just amino-acids,
and it's in swine-viruses, distant from the bird-index)

 

[mixin]

Re: slow evolution in Chinese birds

I found this New Scientist article from Nov, 2006 discussing flu viruses frozen in Siberian lakes.

Can flu viruses survive winter in frozen lakes?

Stoye says that whether or not the viruses are infectious depends largely on how the virus was frozen. Viruses frozen in water are likely to be inactivated by the water's relatively low pH. "But if the virus was in droppings, which presumably is how it was deposited, there seems to be no reason why it should not freeze and survive at low temperatures."

He adds that viruses are more likely to survive in a frozen state if they freeze and thaw only once, as the freeze-thaw process kills at least 90% of virus each time.

http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10676-can-flu-viruses-survive-winter-in-frozen-lakes.html

 

[gsgs]

Re: slow evolution in Chinese birds

here some more links and a graph

http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1637/8760-033109-Reg.1

 

[gsgs]

Re: slow evolution in Chinese birds

Waterborne transmission from inoculated sparrows to contact chickens was absent, while 25% of sparrows were infected via waterborne transmission from chickens. The viral shedding and susceptibility to infection we observed in sparrows, coupled with their presence in poultry houses, could facilitate virus spread among poultry and wild birds in the face of an H5N1 influenza virus outbreak.

http://www.hubmed.org/display.cgi?uids=20089659

 

[gsgs]

Re: slow evolution in Chinese birds

A/environment/Guizhou/2/2009/01/16(H5N1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CY098796?
has only 6 differences in PB1 to
A/Anhui/1/2005/11/2005/11/01(H5N1)


TITLE Indications that Live Poultry Markets Are a Major Source of Human
H5N1 Influenza Virus Infection in China
JOURNAL J. Virol. 85 (24), 13432-13438 (2011)


Guizhou and Anhui are Southern China, so quite warm.
Still it seems that H5N1 can survive in the environment
of live poultry markets for prolonged time
More then double as long as it resides inside cells, at least.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21976646

 

[gsgs]

Re: slow evolution in Chinese birds

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21955449
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JN087301
A/environment/Korea/SH142/2007/12/17

PB2 similar to A/Dk/HK/562/1979(H10N9)
and A/Dk/Nanchang/1681/1992/12/01(H3N8)
and A/Dk/Zhejiang/11/2000(H5N1)


A/slaty backed gull/Shandong/38/2004(H5N1)
A/Dk/HK/394/1978(H5N3)

A/Sw/KU/16/2001(H7N2)
A/Dk/HK/293/1978(H7N2)



31 mutations in 26 years
44 in 15 years
39 in 28 years
26 in 21 years

and this is confirmed by more than one sequence

and it changed evolution : the PB2 is now in almost all H5N1

                                                            000000000000000000000000000000
                                                            111111112222333333444555556667
                                                            000113994777033489588012374663
                                                            589674579456178090305811958121
                                                            ------------------------------
                                                            TTVKTHDKEADPNSVRRDPVVRVTIMLATV
>A/duck/Zhejiang/11/2000,2000//,H5N1,China                  ...............K..............
>A/duck/Hong Kong/7/1975,1975//,H3N2,Hong Kong              ...............K..............
>A/duck/Hong Kong/562/1979,1979//,H10N9,Hong Kong           ..L............K......I.......
>A/environment/Korea/SH142/2007,2007/12/17,H3N8,South Korea ...............K..............
>A/duck/Nanchang/1681/1992,1992/12/01,H3N8,China            ...............K........VV..I.
>A/duck/Hong Kong/24/1976,1976//,H4N2,Hong Kong             ...............K..............
>A/goose/HK/10/1976,1976/11/11,H3N2,Hong Kong               A........T.....K..............
>A/duck/Hong Kong/293/1978,1978//,H7N2,Hong Kong            ....P..........KGN............
>A/swine/KU/16/2001,2001//,H7N2,South Korea                 ....P.........IKGN.....I......
>A/duck/Hubei/126/1985,1985//,H7N8,China                    .A...Y.R.......K..S.I.........
>A/duck/Hong Kong/366/78,1978//,H9N2,Hong Kong              ----------GS...K..............
>A/duck/Hong Kong/698/1979,1979//,H5N3,Hong Kong            ..I...N.....S..K...........T.-
>A/duck/Hong Kong/784/1979,1979/10/10,H9N2,Hong Kong        ........G......K..............
>A/slaty-backed gull/Shandong/38/04,2004//,H5N1,China       ...............K..........F..M
>A/duck/Hong Kong/394/1978,1978//,H5N3,Hong Kong            ...R.........A.K...I.L........
>A/Index/birds/2000(H3N8a)                                  ..............................

taking only viruses that did spread , where we have multiple similar samples at genbank

(low)mutations in promille in PB2 :

H5N1 (Henan/16/2004 <-- one of the main strains) -(HK/7/1975) : 28 in 29 years
H5N1 (Henan/16 <-- HK/562/1979) : 30 in 25 years
H5N1 (Henan/16 <-- ~5 other examples from HK) : ~35 in 25 years
H5N1 (Henan/16 <-- UK/1/1956) : 57 in 48 years

human H3N2 : 52 in 35 years
equine H3N8 : 61 in 45 years
human H1N1 : 85 in ~62 years
swine H1N1 : 73 in 29 years

 

[Amish Country]

Re: low mutation rates in flu-viruses

Re: low mutation rates in flu-viruses

it's not really about recombination (IMO)
recombination-theory can't explain this either.
I had speculated that vaccine strains might have become wild
or frozen viruses might have escaped from a lab.

For how long and at what temperatures do flu viruses remain viable when frozen? I know this sounds like the plot out of an old 1950 era B sifi movie but with all the glacial melting around the world and in the Arctic and Antarctic is it possible that some older strains preserved in the ice are resurfacing? Possibly picked up as ground nesting birds are find new homes that were formerly under ice or were carried in the frigid melt waters?

 

[gsgs]

Re: slow evolution in Chinese birds

this had been examined but none were found ("Sibirian Ice")
the 1918 virus was recovered from a permafrost-burial,
but only in small parts, broken into many pieces.

We have one example however with the 1977 virus that
"slept" for ~25 years and presumably escaped from a (Russian?) lab.

But labs use liquid nitrogene, which is much colder than just
water-ice. Hmm, they should try it in a lab : try to recover
infectable flu from water ice after ~1,2,..,5 years - looks doable.

When it is waterborne, stays in water for some months - then into a duck
for some weeks, then into water ... ,for years ... then it would only
spend half of the time in ducks where it can mutate.
But, even if this would happen, it must still be rare.

It could also maybe survive inside some special cells or maybe
in immunodeficient ducks where it just stays for prolonged time without
replicating, protected from degrading, - until it is reactivated.
Other viruses are doing this, AFAIK.
Some even insert their RNA or DNA into host-DNA where it is preserved.
But flu won't do that

 

[gsgs]

Re: slow evolution in Chinese birds

A/chicken/Hubei/119/1983//,H10N5
A/duck/Hubei/126/1985//,H7N8
A/duck/Hubei/137/1985//,H10N4


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/EU559256

He,X., Tang,S., Li,Y., Kou,Z., Wu,Y., Chen,S. and Li,T.
The Role of LPAI Viruses in Origin and Spread of HPAI Virus Genes:
Implication from Three LPAI Viruses Isolated from Poultry in Hubei
Province of Southern China in mid-1980s

unpublished


--------------------------------------------------
to each other:

1 >EU559256,A/chicken/Hubei/119/1983,1983//,China,H10N5
2280 2274 2151 1686 1497 1419 982 693
2 >EU559257,A/duck/Hubei/126/1985,1985//,China,H7N8
2280 2274 2151 1683 1497 1413 982 693
3 >EU559263,A/duck/Hubei/137/1985,1985//,China,H10N4
2280 2274 2151 1686 1497 1413 759 693

 1-2:112, 58, 60,725, 50,695, 20,289
 2-3:108, 56, 62,727, 51,744, 22,283
 1-3:  5,  3, 21, 94,  2,664,  1, 33

----------------------------------------------------------------

A/tree sparrow/3/Henan/2004,H5N1:

Hb119: 15, 9, 8,768, 2,562, 5, 4
Hb126:247,126,131,767, 77,556, 23,199
Hb137: 9, 5, 49,765, 5,452, 6, 19


very closely related


so some animal picked up a 10-20 years-old LP flu-virus
reassorted it with a then-circulating H5N1 and gave it
to the sparrows in Hunan ?







-------------------------------------------------------------

A/chicken/Hubei/wx/1997//,H5N1 ; x in {h,i,j,k,l,m}

h2: 431 98 2273 800 >A/duck/Hong Kong/7/1975,1975//,H3N2
h3: 246 53 2151 596 >A/mallard/Astrakhan/244/1982,1982//,H14N6
h5: 222 33 1483 18 >A/duck/Beijing/1/1978,1978//,H3N6
h7: 132 10 757 3172 >A/duck/Hubei/137/1985,1985//,H10N4
h8: 405 34 838 1239 >A/duck/Germany/1215/1973,1973//,H2N3

i1: 171 39 2280 2633 >A/chicken/Hubei/119/1983,1983//,H10N5
i2: 140 23 1632 2631 >A/duck/Hubei/137/1985,1985//,H10N4
153 25 1632 2633 >A/chicken/Hubei/119/1983,1983//,H10N5
i3: 195 42 2151 2577 >A/chicken/Hubei/119/1983,1983//,H10N5
i5: 33 5 1497 2848 >A/chicken/Hubei/119/1983,1983//,H10N5
i7: 0 0 982 3174 >A/chicken/Hubei/119/1983,1983//,H10N5
i8: 303 21 692 2713 >A/chicken/Hubei/119/1983,1983//,H10N5

j1: 178 27 1512 90 >A/goose/Hong Kong/17/77 ,1977//,H6N4
j2: 387 88 2271 3042 >A/turkey/England/N28/1973,1973//,H5N2
j3: 177 38 2143 1731 >A/duck/Hong Kong/312/1978,1978//,H5N3
j5: 146 22 1497 840 >A/duck/Hong Kong/d134/1977,1977//,H6N2
j7: 91 9 982 1260 >A/duck/Hong Kong/365/1978,1978//,H4N6
j8: 131 11 838 800 >A/duck/Hong Kong/147/1977,1977//,H9N6

k1: 429 65 1512 90 >A/goose/Hong Kong/17/77 ,1977//,H6N4
k2: 26 6 2274 2631 >A/duck/Hubei/137/1985,1985//,H10N4
k3: 162 35 2151 2575 >A/duck/Hubei/137/1985,1985//,H10N4
k5: 33 5 1497 2848 >A/chicken/Hubei/119/1983,1983//,H10N5
k7: 92 7 759 3172 >A/duck/Hubei/137/1985,1985//,H10N4
k8: 115 8 693 2712 >A/duck/Hubei/137/1985,1985//,H10N4

l1: 364 83 2280 675 >A/duck/Hong Kong/342/78,1978//,H5N2
l5: 247 37 1497 2848 >A/chicken/Hubei/119/1983,1983//,H10N5
l7: 91 9 981 2283 >A/goose/Hong Kong/23/1978,1978//,H5N3
l8: 131 11 838 800 >A/duck/Hong Kong/147/1977,1977//,H9N6