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Scientific American: Fungal Meningitis Pathogen Discovers New Appetite for Human Brains

Catbird

Senior Moderator
Full article available at: Scientific American

" The nation's ongoing fungal meningitis outbreak has killed 30 and sickened 419 people so far, but the fungus responsible has never wrought such havoc before.

The fungus, Exserohilum rostratum, is a plant-eating generalist equipped with a spore-launching mechanism ideal for going airborne, is not an especially picky eater and, although it prefers grasses, will dine on many items?including humans.

But just how a pathogen typically associated with the great outdoors got into the three lots of injectable steroids prepared inside an admittedly filthy laboratory?and why only three lots?remains a puzzling mystery.

The errant fungus has been identified in lab samples from 52 of those affected and was similarly found growing in unopened vials of the steroid alleged to have caused the outbreak, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A third recalled lot is still being tested. But E. rostratum is not a household name, even among mycologists.

Glenn Roberts, a retired medical mycologist, says that in his 40 years of experience at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., he had seen only one case: a soft-tissue arm wound in an immunocompromised patient. He was shocked when he heard the identity of the pathogen in the epidemic that originated with the New England Compounding Center pharmacy in Framingham, Mass..."
 
Re: Scientific American: Fungal Meningitis Pathogen Discovers New Appetite for Human Brains

Roberts says the group of fungi pigmented with melanin (which includes E. rostratum)?the same molecule that darkens and protects human skin?seem to be generating more human infections for reasons he does not understand.

The fungus's confinement to just three lots of the drug also remains unexplained. If the facility's water or air supplies in general were contaminated, one would expect all lots to be affected. Perhaps something blew in from a nearby recycling center or some other source on one or a few days and not on others, Roberts speculated.


http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136952740800130
Current Opinion in Microbiology

Volume 11, Issue 6, December 2008, Pages 525?531

Growth and Development: Eukaryotes/Prokaryotes
Ionizing radiation: how fungi cope, adapt, and exploit with the help of melanin

1 Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1695A Eastchester Road, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
2 Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA

Life on Earth has always existed in the flux of ionizing radiation. However, fungi seem to interact with the ionizing radiation differently from other inhabitants of the Earth. Recent data show that melanized fungal species like those from Chernobyl?s reactor respond to ionizing radiation with enhanced growth. Fungi colonize spacestations and adapt morphologically to extreme conditions. Radiation exposure causes upregulation of many key genes, and an inducible microhomology-mediated recombination pathway could be a potential mechanism of adaptive evolution in eukaryotes. The discovery of melanized organisms in high radiation environments, the spacestations, Antarctic mountains, and in the reactor cooling water combined with phenomenon of ?radiotropism? raises the tantalizing possibility that melanins have functions analogous to other energy harvesting pigments such as chlorophylls.

Manufacturer adjacent to recycling center...

http://www.dep.state.pa.us/brp/Radiation_Control_Division/SolidWasteMonitoring/DEP-ISRI%20Presentation.pdf
Radiation Sources at Recycling Facilities
 
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