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Science in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">China</st1
ISSN 1006-9305<o
Published 12 issues per year<o
Editor: Wang Da-Cheng<o
Science in China Series C: Life Sciences , cosponsored by the <st1
Science in China Series C: Life
Sciences
2009, Vol. 52 Num. 5
Online: 2009-05-10
<link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CARS%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CARS%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com
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></o></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <o
> </o><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: rgb(238, 239, 233) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 3%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="3%"> <input name="pid" value="413002" type="checkbox"><o
></o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 5%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="5%"> 405<o
></o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" background=""> George F. GAO, Pang-Chui SHAW<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 75%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="75%"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 17%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="17%"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o
referrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <vath o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://www.scichina.com:8082/sciCe/EN/volumn/current_abs.shtml" title=""Cite"" style='width:14.25pt;height:15pt' o:button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ARS\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif" o:href="http://www.scichina.com:8082/sciCe/images/copy.gif"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]-->[<!--[endif]--><o></o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> The challenges of avian influenza virus: mechanism, epidemiology and control <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> 2009 Vol. 52 (5): 405-406 [Abstract] ( 2 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 59KB] ( 11 ) <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <o
> </o><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 3%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="3%"> <input name="pid" value="413008" type="checkbox"><o
></o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 5%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="5%"> 407<o
></o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" background=""> XU CuiLin, DONG LiBo, XIN Li, LAN Yu, CHEN YongKun, YANG LiMei, SHU YueLong<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 75%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="75%"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 17%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="17%"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;">
</td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top">
</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Human avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in China <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Highly pathogenic influenza A (H5N1) virus causes a widespread poultry deaths worldwide. The first human H5N1 infected case was reported in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China in 1997. Since then, the virus re-emerged in 2003 and continues to infect people worldwide. Currently, over 400 human infections have been reported in more than 15 countries and mortality rate is greater than 60%. H5N1 viruses still pose a potential pandemic threat in the future because of the continuing global spread and evolution. Here, we summarize the epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of human H5N1 infection in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1
lace w:st="on">China</st1lace></st1:country-region> monitored and identified by our national surveillance systems.<o></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> 2009 Vol. 52 (5): 407-411 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 630KB] ( 12 ) <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <o
> </o><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: rgb(238, 239, 233) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 3%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="3%"> <input name="pid" value="413009" type="checkbox"><o
></o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 5%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="5%"> 412<o
></o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" background=""> CHAN Paul K S<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 75%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="75%"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 17%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="17%"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;">
</td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top">
</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> A review on human influenza A H5N1 infections in Hong Kong <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Avian influenza A H5N1 remains the most threatening virus that may cause another devastating pan-demic in the foreseeable future. In 1997, <st1
lace w:st="on">Hong Kong</st1lace> was the first place to detect human infections due to this virus originated from birds. The experience and lessons learnt provide important information for controlling further outbreaks caused by avian influenza viruses.<o></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> 2009 Vol. 52 (5): 412-418 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 959KB] ( 8 ) <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <o
> </o><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 3%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="3%"> <input name="pid" value="413011" type="checkbox"><o
></o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 5%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="5%"> 419<o
></o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" background=""> CHEN HuaLan<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 75%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="75%"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 17%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="17%"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top">
</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> H5N1 avian influenza in China <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;">
</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was first detected in a goose in Guangdong Province of China in 1996. Multiple genotypes of H5N1 viruses have been identified from apparently healthy wa-terfowl since 1999. In the years 2004−2008, over 100 outbreaks in domestic poultry occurred in 23 provinces and caused severe economic damage to the poultry industry in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1
lace w:st="on">China</st1lace></st1:country-region>. Beginning from 2004, a culling plus vaccination strategy has been implemented for the control of epidemics. Since then, over 35420000 poultry have been depopulated, and over 55 billion doses of the different vaccines have been used to control the outbreaks. Although it is logistically impossible to vaccinate every single bird in China due to the large poultry population and the complicated rearing styles, there is no doubt that the increased vaccination coverage has resulted in decreased disease epidemic and environmental virus loading. The experience in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1lace w:st="on">China</st1lace></st1:country-region> suggests that vaccination has played an important role in the protec-tion of poultry from H5N1 virus infection, the reduction of virus load in the environment, and the pre-vention of H5N1 virus transmission from poultry to humans.<o></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> 2009 Vol. 52 (5): 419-427 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 953KB] ( 11 ) <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <o
> </o><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: rgb(238, 239, 233) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 3%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="3%"> <input name="pid" value="413006" type="checkbox"><o
></o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 5%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="5%"> 428<o
></o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" background=""> LIU Di, LIU XiaoLing, YAN JingHua, LIU Wen-Jun, GAO George Fu<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 75%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="75%"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 17%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="17%"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top">
</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Interspecies transmission and host restriction of avian H5N1 influenza virus <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;">
</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Long-term endemicity of avian H5N1 influenza virus in poultry and continuous sporadic human infec-tions in several countries has raised the concern of another potential pandemic influenza. Suspicion of the avian origin of the previous pandemics results in the close investigation of the mechanism of in-terspecies transmission. Entry and fusion is the first step for the H5N1 influenza virus to get into the host cells affecting the host ranges. Therefore receptor usage study has been a major focus for the last few years. We now know the difference of the sialic acid structures and distributions in different spe-cies, even in the different parts of the same host. Many host factors interacting with the influenza virus component proteins have been identified and their role in the host range expansion and interspecies transmission is under detailed scrutiny. Here we review current progress in the receptor usage and host factors.<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> 2009 Vol. 52 (5): 428-438 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 884KB] ( 12 ) <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <o
> </o><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 3%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="3%"> <input name="pid" value="413007" type="checkbox"><o
></o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 5%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="5%"> 439<o
></o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" background=""> NG Andy Ka-Leung, WANG Jia-Huai, SHAW Pang-Chui<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 75%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="75%"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 17%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="17%"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top">
</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Structure and sequence analysis of influenza A virus nucleoprotein <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;">
</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) forms homo-oligomers and multiple copies of NP wrap around genomic RNA, along with a trimeric polymerase making up ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. Se-quence comparison of more than 2500 influenza A NP showed that this protein contains 30.1 % of po-lymorphic residues. NP is composed of a head and a body domain and a tail loop/ linker region. The head domain is more conserved than the body domain, as revealed from the structure-based sequence alignment. NP oligomerization is mediated by the insertion of the non-polymorphic and structurally conserved tail loop of one NP molecule to a groove of another NP. The different form of NP oligomers is due to the flexibility of the polymorphic linkers that join the tail loop to the rest of the protein. The RNA binding property of NP is known to involve the protruding element and the flexible basic loop between the head and body domains, both having high degree of primary sequence conservation. To bind RNA, NP may first capture the RNA by the flexible basic loop and then the RNA is clamped by the protruding element.<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> 2009 Vol. 52 (5): 439-449 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1027KB] ( 8 ) <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <o
> </o><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: rgb(238, 239, 233) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 3%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="3%"> <input name="pid" value="413005" type="checkbox"><o
></o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 5%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="5%"> 450<o
></o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" background=""> LIU YingFang, LOU ZhiYong, Mark BARTLAM, RAO ZiHe<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 75%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="75%"> <o
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</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Structure-function studies of the influenza virus RNA polymerase PA subunit <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;">
</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> The influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is a heterotrimeric complex (PA, PB1 and PB2) with multiple enzymatic activities for catalyzing viral RNA transcription and replication. The roles of PB1 and PB2 have been clearly defined, but PA is less well understood. The critical role of the poly-merase complex in the influenza virus life cycle and high sequence conservation suggest it should be a major target for therapeutic intervention. However, until very recently, functional studies and drug discovery targeting the influenza polymerase have been hampered by the lack of three-dimensional structural information. We will review the recent progress in the structure and function of the PA sub-unit of influenza polymerase, and discuss prospects for the development of anti-influenza therapeutics based on available structures.<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> 2009 Vol. 52 (5): 450-458 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 843KB] ( 9 ) <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
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> </o><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 3%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="3%"> <input name="pid" value="413003" type="checkbox"><o
></o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 5%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="5%"> 459<o
></o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" background=""> WANG HongLiang, JIANG ChengYu<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 75%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="75%"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 17%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="17%"> <o
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> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top">
</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Avian influenza H5N1: an update on molecular pathogenesis <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;">
</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Avian influenza A virus constitutes a large threat to human health. Recent outbreaks of highly patho-genic avian influenza H5N1 virus in poultry and in humans have raised concerns that an influenza pandemic will occur in the near future. Transmission from avian species to humans remains sporadic, but the mortality associated with human infection is very high (about 62%). To date, there are no effec-tive therapeutic drugs or a prophylactic vaccines available, which means that there is still a long way to go before we can eradicate or cure avian influenza. This review focuses on the molecular pathogenesis of avian influenza H5N1 virus infection. An understanding of the viral pathogenesis may facilitate the development of novel treatments or effective eradication of this fatal disease.<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> 2009 Vol. 52 (5): 459-463 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 4 ) <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
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> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <o
> </o><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: rgb(238, 239, 233) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 3%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="3%"> <input name="pid" value="413004" type="checkbox"><o
></o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 5%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="5%"> 464<o
></o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" background=""> WANG HongLiang, JIANG ChengYu<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 75%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="75%"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 17%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="17%"> <o
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</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Influenza A virus H5N1 entry into host cells is through clathrin-dependent endocytosis <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Influenza A virus H5N1 presents a major threat to human health. The entry of influenza virus into host cells is believed to be mediated by hemagglutinin (HA), a virus surface glycoprotein that can bind ter-minal sialic acid residues on host cell glycoproteins and glycolipids. In this study, we elucidated the pathways through which H5N1 enters human lung carcinoma cell line A549. We first proved that H5N1 can enter A549 cells via endocytosis, as lysosomotropic agents, such as bafilomycin A1 and chloro-quine, can rescue H5N1-induced A549 cell death. By using specific inhibitors, and siRNAs that target the clathrin pathway, we further found that H5N1 could enter A549 cells via clathrin-mediated endocy-tosis, while inhibitors targeting caveolae-mediated endocytosis could not inhibit H5N1 cell entry. These findings expand our understanding of H5N1 pathogenesis and provide new information for anti-viral drug research.<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> 2009 Vol. 52 (5): 464-469 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 771KB] ( 7 ) <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="../../images/dq.gif" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <o
> </o><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 3%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="3%"> <input name="pid" value="413010" type="checkbox"><o
></o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 5%; height: 16.5pt;" background="" width="5%"> 470<o
></o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" background=""> LIU Di, LIU Quan-He, WU Lin-Huan, LIU Bin, WU Jun, LAO Yi-Mei, LI Xiao-Jing, GAO George Fu, MA Jun-Cai<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 0.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 75%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="75%"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; width: 17%; height: 0.75pt;" background="" valign="top" width="17%"> <o
> </o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top">
</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Website for avian flu information and bioinformatics <o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5N1 has spread out worldwide and raised the public concerns. This increased the output of influenza virus sequence data as well as the research publication and other reports. In order to fight against H5N1 avian flu in a comprehensive way, we designed and started to set up the Website for Avian Flu Information (http://www.avian-flu.info) from 2004. Other than the influenza virus database available, the website is aiming to integrate diversified information for both researchers and the public. From 2004 to 2009, we collected information from all aspects, i.e. reports of outbreaks, scientific publications and editorials, policies for prevention, medicines and vaccines, clinic and diagnosis. Except for publications, all information is in Chinese. Till April 15, 2009, the cumulative news entries had been over 2000 and research papers were approaching 5000. By using the curated data from Influenza Virus Resource, we have set up an influenza virus sequence database and a bioin-formatic platform, providing the basic functions for the sequence analysis of influenza virus. We will focus on the collection of experimental data and results as well as the integration of the data from the geological information system and avian influenza epidemiology.<o
></o></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt;"> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> <o
> </o></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; height: 16.5pt;"> 2009 Vol. 52 (5): 470-473 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 657KB] ( 8 ) <o
></o>http://www.scichina.com:8082/sciCe/EN/volumn/current_abs.shtml
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