tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
J Virol. 2018 Oct 3. pii: JVI.01441-18. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01441-18. [Epub ahead of print]
[h=1]Salinomycin Inhibits Influenza Virus Infection by Disrupting Endosomal Acidification and Viral Matrix Protein 2 Function.[/h] Jang Y[SUP]1[/SUP], Shin JS[SUP]1,[/SUP][SUP]2[/SUP], Yoon YS[SUP]1[/SUP], Go YY[SUP]1,[/SUP][SUP]3[/SUP], Lee HW[SUP]1[/SUP], Kwon OS[SUP]1,[/SUP][SUP]3[/SUP], Park S[SUP]4[/SUP], Park MS[SUP]4[/SUP], Kim M[SUP]5,[/SUP][SUP]3[/SUP].
[h=3]Author information[/h]
[h=3]Abstract[/h] Screening of chemical libraries with 2,000 synthetic compounds identified salinomycin as a hit against influenza A and B viruses with 50% effective concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 4.3 μM in cells. This compound is a carboxylic polyether ionophore that exchanges monovalent ions for protons across lipid bilayer membranes. Monitoring the time course of viral infection showed that salinomycin blocked nuclear migration of viral nuclear protein (NP) that is the most abundant component of the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex. It caused cytoplasmic accumulation of NP, particularly within perinuclear endosomes, during virus entry. This was primarily associated with failure to acidify the endosomal-lysosomal compartments. Similar to amantadine (AMT), proton channel activity of viral matrix protein 2 (M2) was blocked by salinomycin. Using purified retroviral Gag-based virus-like particles (VLPs) with M2, it was proved that salinomycin directly affect the kinetics of a proton influx into the particles but in a different manner from that of AMT. Notably, oral administration of salinomycin together with the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir phosphate (OSV-P) led to enhanced antiviral effect over either compound used alone in influenza A virus-infected mouse models. These results provide a new paradigm for developing antivirals and their combination therapy that control both host and viral factors.IMPORTANCE Influenza virus is a main cause of viral respiratory infection in humans as well as animals, occasionally with high mortality. Circulation of influenza viruses resistant to the matrix protein 2 (M2) inhibitor, amantadine, is highly prevalent. Moreover, detection frequency of viruses resistant to the neuraminidase inhibitors including oseltamivir-phosphate (OSV-P) or zanamivir is also increasing. These issues highlight the need for discovery of new antiviral agents with different mechanisms. Salinomycin as the monovalent cation-proton antiporter exhibited consistent inhibitory effects against influenza A and B viruses. It plays multifunctional roles by blocking endosomal acidification and by inactivating the proton transport function of M2, the key steps for influenza viral uncoating. Notably, salinomycin resulted in marked therapeutic effects in influenza virus-infected mice when combined with OSV-P, suggesting that its chemical derivatives could be developed as an adjuvant antiviral therapy to treat influenza infections resistant or less sensitive to existing drugs.
PMID: 30282713 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01441-18
[h=1]Salinomycin Inhibits Influenza Virus Infection by Disrupting Endosomal Acidification and Viral Matrix Protein 2 Function.[/h] Jang Y[SUP]1[/SUP], Shin JS[SUP]1,[/SUP][SUP]2[/SUP], Yoon YS[SUP]1[/SUP], Go YY[SUP]1,[/SUP][SUP]3[/SUP], Lee HW[SUP]1[/SUP], Kwon OS[SUP]1,[/SUP][SUP]3[/SUP], Park S[SUP]4[/SUP], Park MS[SUP]4[/SUP], Kim M[SUP]5,[/SUP][SUP]3[/SUP].
[h=3]Author information[/h]
[h=3]Abstract[/h] Screening of chemical libraries with 2,000 synthetic compounds identified salinomycin as a hit against influenza A and B viruses with 50% effective concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 4.3 μM in cells. This compound is a carboxylic polyether ionophore that exchanges monovalent ions for protons across lipid bilayer membranes. Monitoring the time course of viral infection showed that salinomycin blocked nuclear migration of viral nuclear protein (NP) that is the most abundant component of the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex. It caused cytoplasmic accumulation of NP, particularly within perinuclear endosomes, during virus entry. This was primarily associated with failure to acidify the endosomal-lysosomal compartments. Similar to amantadine (AMT), proton channel activity of viral matrix protein 2 (M2) was blocked by salinomycin. Using purified retroviral Gag-based virus-like particles (VLPs) with M2, it was proved that salinomycin directly affect the kinetics of a proton influx into the particles but in a different manner from that of AMT. Notably, oral administration of salinomycin together with the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir phosphate (OSV-P) led to enhanced antiviral effect over either compound used alone in influenza A virus-infected mouse models. These results provide a new paradigm for developing antivirals and their combination therapy that control both host and viral factors.IMPORTANCE Influenza virus is a main cause of viral respiratory infection in humans as well as animals, occasionally with high mortality. Circulation of influenza viruses resistant to the matrix protein 2 (M2) inhibitor, amantadine, is highly prevalent. Moreover, detection frequency of viruses resistant to the neuraminidase inhibitors including oseltamivir-phosphate (OSV-P) or zanamivir is also increasing. These issues highlight the need for discovery of new antiviral agents with different mechanisms. Salinomycin as the monovalent cation-proton antiporter exhibited consistent inhibitory effects against influenza A and B viruses. It plays multifunctional roles by blocking endosomal acidification and by inactivating the proton transport function of M2, the key steps for influenza viral uncoating. Notably, salinomycin resulted in marked therapeutic effects in influenza virus-infected mice when combined with OSV-P, suggesting that its chemical derivatives could be developed as an adjuvant antiviral therapy to treat influenza infections resistant or less sensitive to existing drugs.
PMID: 30282713 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01441-18