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Plos One
Measurements of Airborne Influenza Virus in Aerosol Particles from Human Coughs
William G. Lindsley1*, Francoise M. Blachere1, Robert E. Thewlis1, Abhishek Vishnu2, Kristina A. Davis3, Gang Cao1, Jan E. Palmer4, Karen E. Clark4, Melanie A. Fisher3, Rashida Khakoo3, Donald H. Beezhold1
1 Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 2 Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 3 Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 4 Well WVU Student Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
Influenza is thought to be communicated from person to person by multiple pathways. However, the relative importance of different routes of influenza transmission is unclear. To better understand the potential for the airborne spread of influenza, we measured the amount and size of aerosol particles containing influenza virus that were produced by coughing. Subjects were recruited from patients presenting at a student health clinic with influenza-like symptoms. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the volunteers and they were asked to cough three times into a spirometer. After each cough, the cough-generated aerosol was collected using a NIOSH two-stage bioaerosol cyclone sampler or an SKC BioSampler. The amount of influenza viral RNA contained in the samplers was analyzed using quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qPCR) targeting the matrix gene M1. For half of the subjects, viral plaque assays were performed on the nasopharyngeal swabs and cough aerosol samples to determine if viable virus was present. Fifty-eight subjects were tested, of whom 47 were positive for influenza virus by qPCR. Influenza viral RNA was detected in coughs from 38 of these subjects (81%). Thirty-five percent of the influenza RNA was contained in particles >4 µm in aerodynamic diameter, while 23% was in particles 1 to 4 µm and 42% in particles <1 µm. Viable influenza virus was detected in the cough aerosols from 2 of 21 subjects with influenza. These results show that coughing by influenza patients emits aerosol particles containing influenza virus and that much of the viral RNA is contained within particles in the respirable size range. The results support the idea that the airborne route may be a pathway for influenza transmission, especially in the immediate vicinity of an influenza patient. Further research is needed on the viability of airborne influenza viruses and the risk of transmission.
William G. Lindsley1*, Francoise M. Blachere1, Robert E. Thewlis1, Abhishek Vishnu2, Kristina A. Davis3, Gang Cao1, Jan E. Palmer4, Karen E. Clark4, Melanie A. Fisher3, Rashida Khakoo3, Donald H. Beezhold1
1 Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 2 Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 3 Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 4 Well WVU Student Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
full article at:
http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015100
Measurements of Airborne Influenza Virus in Aerosol Particles from Human Coughs
William G. Lindsley1*, Francoise M. Blachere1, Robert E. Thewlis1, Abhishek Vishnu2, Kristina A. Davis3, Gang Cao1, Jan E. Palmer4, Karen E. Clark4, Melanie A. Fisher3, Rashida Khakoo3, Donald H. Beezhold1
1 Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 2 Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 3 Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 4 Well WVU Student Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
Influenza is thought to be communicated from person to person by multiple pathways. However, the relative importance of different routes of influenza transmission is unclear. To better understand the potential for the airborne spread of influenza, we measured the amount and size of aerosol particles containing influenza virus that were produced by coughing. Subjects were recruited from patients presenting at a student health clinic with influenza-like symptoms. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the volunteers and they were asked to cough three times into a spirometer. After each cough, the cough-generated aerosol was collected using a NIOSH two-stage bioaerosol cyclone sampler or an SKC BioSampler. The amount of influenza viral RNA contained in the samplers was analyzed using quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qPCR) targeting the matrix gene M1. For half of the subjects, viral plaque assays were performed on the nasopharyngeal swabs and cough aerosol samples to determine if viable virus was present. Fifty-eight subjects were tested, of whom 47 were positive for influenza virus by qPCR. Influenza viral RNA was detected in coughs from 38 of these subjects (81%). Thirty-five percent of the influenza RNA was contained in particles >4 µm in aerodynamic diameter, while 23% was in particles 1 to 4 µm and 42% in particles <1 µm. Viable influenza virus was detected in the cough aerosols from 2 of 21 subjects with influenza. These results show that coughing by influenza patients emits aerosol particles containing influenza virus and that much of the viral RNA is contained within particles in the respirable size range. The results support the idea that the airborne route may be a pathway for influenza transmission, especially in the immediate vicinity of an influenza patient. Further research is needed on the viability of airborne influenza viruses and the risk of transmission.
William G. Lindsley1*, Francoise M. Blachere1, Robert E. Thewlis1, Abhishek Vishnu2, Kristina A. Davis3, Gang Cao1, Jan E. Palmer4, Karen E. Clark4, Melanie A. Fisher3, Rashida Khakoo3, Donald H. Beezhold1
1 Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 2 Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 3 Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 4 Well WVU Student Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
full article at:
http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015100