tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
PLoS One
. 2025 Apr 24;20(4):e0321366.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321366. eCollection 2025. Long-term neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological impact of the pandemic in Italian COVID-19 family clusters, including children and parents
Costanza Di Chiara[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Martina Ferrarese[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Riccardo Boracchini[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Anna Cantarutti[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Anna Letizia Tibaldo[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Chiara Stefanni[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Daniele Donà[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Marica De Pieri[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Alessia Raffagnato[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Benedetta Tascini[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Marina Miscioscia[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Federica Occhino[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Carlo Giaquinto[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Michela Gatta[SUP] 3 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Aim: This study investigated the long-term neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological impact of COVID-19 on children and their parents in households with COVID-19 exposure.
Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 46 families attending the COVID-19 Follow-up Clinic at the Department for Women's and Children's Health, Padua (Italy) from December 2021 to November 2022. Self-perceived stress-related, emotional-behavioral, and post-traumatic stress (PTSD-related) symptoms were assessed in both children and parents. Children with underlying neuropsychiatric conditions were excluded from the study.
Results: A total of 81 parents (median age = 38 years [IQR: 43-48], females = 44 [54.3%]), and 77 children (median age = 8 years [IQR: 5-11], females = 33 [42.9%]) participated in the study. Overall,125 (79%) and 33 (21%) participants were classified as COVID-19 cases and non-COVID-19 cases, respectively. The time interval between the COVID-19 family outbreak and the neuropsychiatric and psychological assessment was ≤4 months (median=3 months [IQR=0]) for 89 (56.3%) participants and >4 months for 69 (43.8%) (median=11.5 months [IQR=5-12]) participants. A total of 136 (86.1%) participants reported stress-related symptoms, with emotional stress being the most common. A positive correlation was observed between self-perceived stress-related symptoms in children and their parents within the same family (r=0.53, p=0.0005). Among children aged 6-18 years, 16 (37.2%) had clinical scores for internalizing symptoms at the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), while none children aged 1.5-5 years showed clinical score for internalizing symptoms. Similarly, total difficulty scores at the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ 4-17) and assessment of PTSD-related symptoms through the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) questionnaire were within non-clinical cut-offs in 45 (84.9%) and 43 (75.4%) children aged 3-12 years, respectively. The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) resulted in the non-clinical cut-off for 36 (92.3%) children aged 8-18 years. While a higher prevalence of self-perceived stress-related symptoms was found in COVID-19 cases compared to non-COVID-19 cases (p=.01), no differences were observed for emotional-behavioral and PTSD-related symptoms between the two groups.
Conclusions: This study documented the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Italian children and their family's stress levels. Further research is needed to confirm our findings and explore the long-term effects of the pandemic on families.
. 2025 Apr 24;20(4):e0321366.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321366. eCollection 2025. Long-term neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological impact of the pandemic in Italian COVID-19 family clusters, including children and parents
Costanza Di Chiara[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Martina Ferrarese[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Riccardo Boracchini[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Anna Cantarutti[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Anna Letizia Tibaldo[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Chiara Stefanni[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Daniele Donà[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Marica De Pieri[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Alessia Raffagnato[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Benedetta Tascini[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Marina Miscioscia[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Federica Occhino[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Carlo Giaquinto[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Michela Gatta[SUP] 3 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 40273091
- PMCID: PMC12021208
- DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321366
Aim: This study investigated the long-term neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological impact of COVID-19 on children and their parents in households with COVID-19 exposure.
Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 46 families attending the COVID-19 Follow-up Clinic at the Department for Women's and Children's Health, Padua (Italy) from December 2021 to November 2022. Self-perceived stress-related, emotional-behavioral, and post-traumatic stress (PTSD-related) symptoms were assessed in both children and parents. Children with underlying neuropsychiatric conditions were excluded from the study.
Results: A total of 81 parents (median age = 38 years [IQR: 43-48], females = 44 [54.3%]), and 77 children (median age = 8 years [IQR: 5-11], females = 33 [42.9%]) participated in the study. Overall,125 (79%) and 33 (21%) participants were classified as COVID-19 cases and non-COVID-19 cases, respectively. The time interval between the COVID-19 family outbreak and the neuropsychiatric and psychological assessment was ≤4 months (median=3 months [IQR=0]) for 89 (56.3%) participants and >4 months for 69 (43.8%) (median=11.5 months [IQR=5-12]) participants. A total of 136 (86.1%) participants reported stress-related symptoms, with emotional stress being the most common. A positive correlation was observed between self-perceived stress-related symptoms in children and their parents within the same family (r=0.53, p=0.0005). Among children aged 6-18 years, 16 (37.2%) had clinical scores for internalizing symptoms at the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), while none children aged 1.5-5 years showed clinical score for internalizing symptoms. Similarly, total difficulty scores at the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ 4-17) and assessment of PTSD-related symptoms through the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) questionnaire were within non-clinical cut-offs in 45 (84.9%) and 43 (75.4%) children aged 3-12 years, respectively. The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) resulted in the non-clinical cut-off for 36 (92.3%) children aged 8-18 years. While a higher prevalence of self-perceived stress-related symptoms was found in COVID-19 cases compared to non-COVID-19 cases (p=.01), no differences were observed for emotional-behavioral and PTSD-related symptoms between the two groups.
Conclusions: This study documented the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Italian children and their family's stress levels. Further research is needed to confirm our findings and explore the long-term effects of the pandemic on families.