Giuseppe
Emeritus
[Source: PLoS ONE, full page: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]
------
Research Article
Influenza Vaccination Guidelines and Vaccine Sales in Southeast Asia: 2008?2011
Vinay Gupta 1, Fatimah S. Dawood 2, Charung Muangchana 3, Phan Trong Lan 4, Anonh Xeuatvongsa 5, Ly Sovann 6, Remigio Olveda 7, Jeffery Cutter 8, Khin Yi Oo 9, Theresia Sandra Diah Ratih 10, Chong Chee Kheong 11, Bryan K. Kapella 12, Paul Kitsutani 13, Andrew Corwin 14, Sonja J. Olsen 15
1 Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America, Thailand Ministry of Public Health ? U.S. CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand; 2 Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America; 3 National Vaccine Committee Office, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; 4 General Department of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Socialist Republic of Vietnam; 5 Expanded Program on Immunizations, Ministry of Public Health, Vientiane, Lao People?s Democratic Republic; 6 CDC Department, Ministry of Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; 7 Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa City, Philippines; 8 Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore; 9 National Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Nay Pyi Taw, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar; 10 Expanded Program on Immunizations, Ministry of Public Health, Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia; 11 Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 12 Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America; 13 Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America; [ ... ], 14 Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America; 15 Thailand Ministry of Public Health ? U.S. CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
Abstract
Background
Southeast Asia is a region with great potential for the emergence of a pandemic influenza virus. Global efforts to improve influenza surveillance in this region have documented the burden and seasonality of influenza viruses and have informed influenza prevention strategies, but little information exists about influenza vaccination guidelines and vaccine sales.
Methods
To ascertain the existence of influenza vaccine guidelines and define the scope of vaccine sales, we sent a standard three-page questionnaire to the ten member nations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. We also surveyed three multinational manufacturers who supply influenza vaccines in the region.
Results
Vaccine sales in the private sector were <1000 per 100,000 population in the 10 countries. Five countries reported purchasing vaccine for use in the public sector. In 2011, Thailand had the highest combined reported rate of vaccine sales (10,333 per 100,000). In the 10 countries combined, the rate of private sector sales during 2010?2011 (after the A(H1N1)2009pdm pandemic) exceeded 2008 pre-pandemic levels. Five countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) had guidelines for influenza vaccination but only two were consistent with global guidelines. Four recommended vaccination for health care workers, four for elderly persons, three for young children, three for persons with underlying disease, and two for pregnant women.
Conclusions
The rate of vaccine sales in Southeast Asia remains low, but there was a positive impact in sales after the A(H1N1)2009pdm pandemic. Low adherence to global vaccine guidelines suggests that more work is needed in the policy arena.
Citation: Gupta V, Dawood FS, Muangchana C, Lan PT, Xeuatvongsa A, et al. (2012) Influenza Vaccination Guidelines and Vaccine Sales in Southeast Asia: 2008?2011. PLoS ONE 7(12): e52842. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052842
Editor: Maciej F. Boni, University of Oxford, Viet Nam
Received: July 23, 2012; Accepted: November 21, 2012; Published: December 21, 2012
This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
* E-mail: Solsen@cdc.gov
-Influenza Vaccination Guidelines and Vaccine Sales in Southeast Asia: 2008?2011
Vinay Gupta 1, Fatimah S. Dawood 2, Charung Muangchana 3, Phan Trong Lan 4, Anonh Xeuatvongsa 5, Ly Sovann 6, Remigio Olveda 7, Jeffery Cutter 8, Khin Yi Oo 9, Theresia Sandra Diah Ratih 10, Chong Chee Kheong 11, Bryan K. Kapella 12, Paul Kitsutani 13, Andrew Corwin 14, Sonja J. Olsen 15
1 Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America, Thailand Ministry of Public Health ? U.S. CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand; 2 Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America; 3 National Vaccine Committee Office, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; 4 General Department of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Socialist Republic of Vietnam; 5 Expanded Program on Immunizations, Ministry of Public Health, Vientiane, Lao People?s Democratic Republic; 6 CDC Department, Ministry of Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; 7 Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa City, Philippines; 8 Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore; 9 National Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Nay Pyi Taw, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar; 10 Expanded Program on Immunizations, Ministry of Public Health, Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia; 11 Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 12 Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America; 13 Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America; [ ... ], 14 Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America; 15 Thailand Ministry of Public Health ? U.S. CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
Abstract
Background
Southeast Asia is a region with great potential for the emergence of a pandemic influenza virus. Global efforts to improve influenza surveillance in this region have documented the burden and seasonality of influenza viruses and have informed influenza prevention strategies, but little information exists about influenza vaccination guidelines and vaccine sales.
Methods
To ascertain the existence of influenza vaccine guidelines and define the scope of vaccine sales, we sent a standard three-page questionnaire to the ten member nations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. We also surveyed three multinational manufacturers who supply influenza vaccines in the region.
Results
Vaccine sales in the private sector were <1000 per 100,000 population in the 10 countries. Five countries reported purchasing vaccine for use in the public sector. In 2011, Thailand had the highest combined reported rate of vaccine sales (10,333 per 100,000). In the 10 countries combined, the rate of private sector sales during 2010?2011 (after the A(H1N1)2009pdm pandemic) exceeded 2008 pre-pandemic levels. Five countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) had guidelines for influenza vaccination but only two were consistent with global guidelines. Four recommended vaccination for health care workers, four for elderly persons, three for young children, three for persons with underlying disease, and two for pregnant women.
Conclusions
The rate of vaccine sales in Southeast Asia remains low, but there was a positive impact in sales after the A(H1N1)2009pdm pandemic. Low adherence to global vaccine guidelines suggests that more work is needed in the policy arena.
Citation: Gupta V, Dawood FS, Muangchana C, Lan PT, Xeuatvongsa A, et al. (2012) Influenza Vaccination Guidelines and Vaccine Sales in Southeast Asia: 2008?2011. PLoS ONE 7(12): e52842. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052842
Editor: Maciej F. Boni, University of Oxford, Viet Nam
Received: July 23, 2012; Accepted: November 21, 2012; Published: December 21, 2012
This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
* E-mail: Solsen@cdc.gov
------