Giuseppe
Emeritus
[Source: PLoS ONE, full page: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]
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Amino Acids Transitioning of 2009 H1N1pdm in Taiwan from 2009 to 2011
Guang-Wu Chen<SUP>1</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>2</SUP><SUP>#</SUP>, Kuo-Chien Tsao<SUP>2</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>3</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>6</SUP><SUP>#</SUP><SUP>*</SUP>, Chung-Guei Huang<SUP>2</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>3</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>6</SUP>, Yu-Nong Gong<SUP>5</SUP>, Shih-Cheng Chang<SUP>2</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>3</SUP>, Yi-Chun Liu<SUP>6</SUP>, Hsiao-Han Wu<SUP>6</SUP>, Shu-Li Yang<SUP>6</SUP>, Tzou-Yien Lin<SUP>2</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>4</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>7</SUP>, Yhu-Chering Huang<SUP>4</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>7</SUP>, Shin-Ru Shih<SUP>2</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>3</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>6</SUP>
<SUP></SUP>
1 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 2 Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 4 College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 5 Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 6 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 7 Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
Abstract
A swine-origin influenza A was detected in April 2009 and soon became the 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain (H1N1pdm). The current study revealed the genetic diversity of H1N1pdm, based on 77 and 70 isolates which we collected, respectively, during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 influenza seasons in Taiwan. We focused on tracking the amino acid transitioning of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes in the early diversification of the virus and compared them with H1N1pdm strains reported worldwide. We identified newly emerged mutation markers based on A/California/04/2009, described how these markers shifted from the first H1N1pdm season to the one that immediately followed, and discussed how these observations may relate to antigenicity, receptor-binding, and drug susceptibility. It was found that the amino acid mutation rates of H1N1pdm were elevated, from 9.29?10<SUP>−3</SUP> substitutions per site in the first season to 1.46?10<SUP>−2</SUP> in the second season in HA, and from 5.23?10<SUP>−3</SUP> to 1.10?10<SUP>−2</SUP> in NA. Many mutation markers were newly detected in the second season, including 11 in HA and 8 in NA, and some were found having statistical correlation to disease severity. There were five noticeable HA mutations made to antigenic sites. No significant titer changes, however, were detected based on hemagglutination inhibition tests. Only one isolate with H275Y mutation known to reduce susceptibility to NA inhibitors was detected. As limited Taiwanese H1N1pdm viruses were isolated after our sampling period, we gathered 8,876 HA and 6,017 NA H1N1pdm sequences up to April 2012 from NCBI to follow up the dynamics of mentioned HA mutations. While some mutations described in this study seemed to either settle in or die out in the 2011?2012 season, a number of them still showed signs of transitioning, prompting the importance of continuous monitoring of this virus for more seasons to come.
Citation: Chen G-W, Tsao K-C, Huang C-G, Gong Y-N, Chang S-C, et al. (2012) Amino Acids Transitioning of 2009 H1N1pdm in Taiwan from 2009 to 2011. PLoS ONE 7(9): e45946. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045946
Editor: Patrick C. Y. Woo, The University of Hong Kong, China
Received: June 20, 2012; Accepted: August 23, 2012; Published: September 24, 2012
Copyright: ? 2012 Chen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Grants from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital: CMRPG390601, CMRPG390602, CMRPG320018, CMRPD180213. http://www.cgmh.org.tw. Grants from National Science Council, Taiwan: NSC97-2221-E-182-034-MY3. http://www.nsc.gov.tw. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
* E-mail: kctsao@adm.cgmh.org.tw
# These authors contributed equally to this work.
-Guang-Wu Chen<SUP>1</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>2</SUP><SUP>#</SUP>, Kuo-Chien Tsao<SUP>2</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>3</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>6</SUP><SUP>#</SUP><SUP>*</SUP>, Chung-Guei Huang<SUP>2</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>3</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>6</SUP>, Yu-Nong Gong<SUP>5</SUP>, Shih-Cheng Chang<SUP>2</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>3</SUP>, Yi-Chun Liu<SUP>6</SUP>, Hsiao-Han Wu<SUP>6</SUP>, Shu-Li Yang<SUP>6</SUP>, Tzou-Yien Lin<SUP>2</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>4</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>7</SUP>, Yhu-Chering Huang<SUP>4</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>7</SUP>, Shin-Ru Shih<SUP>2</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>3</SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP>6</SUP>
<SUP></SUP>
1 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 2 Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 4 College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 5 Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 6 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, 7 Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
Abstract
A swine-origin influenza A was detected in April 2009 and soon became the 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain (H1N1pdm). The current study revealed the genetic diversity of H1N1pdm, based on 77 and 70 isolates which we collected, respectively, during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 influenza seasons in Taiwan. We focused on tracking the amino acid transitioning of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes in the early diversification of the virus and compared them with H1N1pdm strains reported worldwide. We identified newly emerged mutation markers based on A/California/04/2009, described how these markers shifted from the first H1N1pdm season to the one that immediately followed, and discussed how these observations may relate to antigenicity, receptor-binding, and drug susceptibility. It was found that the amino acid mutation rates of H1N1pdm were elevated, from 9.29?10<SUP>−3</SUP> substitutions per site in the first season to 1.46?10<SUP>−2</SUP> in the second season in HA, and from 5.23?10<SUP>−3</SUP> to 1.10?10<SUP>−2</SUP> in NA. Many mutation markers were newly detected in the second season, including 11 in HA and 8 in NA, and some were found having statistical correlation to disease severity. There were five noticeable HA mutations made to antigenic sites. No significant titer changes, however, were detected based on hemagglutination inhibition tests. Only one isolate with H275Y mutation known to reduce susceptibility to NA inhibitors was detected. As limited Taiwanese H1N1pdm viruses were isolated after our sampling period, we gathered 8,876 HA and 6,017 NA H1N1pdm sequences up to April 2012 from NCBI to follow up the dynamics of mentioned HA mutations. While some mutations described in this study seemed to either settle in or die out in the 2011?2012 season, a number of them still showed signs of transitioning, prompting the importance of continuous monitoring of this virus for more seasons to come.
Citation: Chen G-W, Tsao K-C, Huang C-G, Gong Y-N, Chang S-C, et al. (2012) Amino Acids Transitioning of 2009 H1N1pdm in Taiwan from 2009 to 2011. PLoS ONE 7(9): e45946. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045946
Editor: Patrick C. Y. Woo, The University of Hong Kong, China
Received: June 20, 2012; Accepted: August 23, 2012; Published: September 24, 2012
Copyright: ? 2012 Chen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Grants from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital: CMRPG390601, CMRPG390602, CMRPG320018, CMRPD180213. http://www.cgmh.org.tw. Grants from National Science Council, Taiwan: NSC97-2221-E-182-034-MY3. http://www.nsc.gov.tw. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
* E-mail: kctsao@adm.cgmh.org.tw
# These authors contributed equally to this work.
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