tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
PLoS Negl Trop Dis
. 2025 Oct 27;19(10):e0013642.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0013642. eCollection 2025 Oct. Trends and cross-country inequities by region, sex, age in the mortality, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years of COVID-19: Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Xiao-Han Xu[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Jing Sun[SUP] 3 4 5 6 [/SUP], Jin-Lun Zhang[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Zhou Yang[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Chun-Quan Ou[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has imposed a substantial disease burden globally and has further exacerbated pre-existing health inequities. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the burden and inequities associated with COVID-19 across diverse populations.
Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021, we systematically analyzed deaths, incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and years of life lost (YLLs) of COVID-19 stratified by sex, age, and region. The temporal trends pre- and post-2019 (i.e., 1990-2019 and 2019-2021) were measured using average annual percent change (AAPC). Additionally, the cross-country absolute and relative sociodemographic index (SDI)-related health inequities were assessed using the slope index and concentration index, respectively. The SDI is a composite development indicator that incorporates income, educational attainment, and fertility conditions.
Results: Trends in the global burden of all-cause mortality and DALYs exhibited significant declines (AAPC < 0) from 1990 to 2019 but underwent a marked reversal trend (AAPC > 0) following the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, COVID-19 resulted in 2.28 billion incident cases and 7.89 million deaths globally, with an age-standardized DALYs rate of 2,501 per 100,000 population. While incidence rates were relatively evenly distributed across populations, mortality was disproportionately higher among males and older adults. Substantial health inequities in the burden of COVID-19 were evident across 204 countries and territories, with absolute widening inequities notably in 2021 (e.g., the slope index of inequity for DALYs rose from 2,713 in 2020 to 4,044 in 2021). Greater inequities are disproportionately concentrated among males, middle-aged and older individuals, and regions with lower SDI levels.
Conclusions: These findings highlight the substantial disease burden of COVID-19 and elucidate the multidimensional health inequities exacerbated by the pandemic, providing crucial evidence for targeted interventions to address inequities and strengthen resilience in future global health emergencies.
. 2025 Oct 27;19(10):e0013642.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0013642. eCollection 2025 Oct. Trends and cross-country inequities by region, sex, age in the mortality, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years of COVID-19: Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Xiao-Han Xu[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Jing Sun[SUP] 3 4 5 6 [/SUP], Jin-Lun Zhang[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Zhou Yang[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Chun-Quan Ou[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 41144508
- DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0013642
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has imposed a substantial disease burden globally and has further exacerbated pre-existing health inequities. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the burden and inequities associated with COVID-19 across diverse populations.
Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021, we systematically analyzed deaths, incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and years of life lost (YLLs) of COVID-19 stratified by sex, age, and region. The temporal trends pre- and post-2019 (i.e., 1990-2019 and 2019-2021) were measured using average annual percent change (AAPC). Additionally, the cross-country absolute and relative sociodemographic index (SDI)-related health inequities were assessed using the slope index and concentration index, respectively. The SDI is a composite development indicator that incorporates income, educational attainment, and fertility conditions.
Results: Trends in the global burden of all-cause mortality and DALYs exhibited significant declines (AAPC < 0) from 1990 to 2019 but underwent a marked reversal trend (AAPC > 0) following the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, COVID-19 resulted in 2.28 billion incident cases and 7.89 million deaths globally, with an age-standardized DALYs rate of 2,501 per 100,000 population. While incidence rates were relatively evenly distributed across populations, mortality was disproportionately higher among males and older adults. Substantial health inequities in the burden of COVID-19 were evident across 204 countries and territories, with absolute widening inequities notably in 2021 (e.g., the slope index of inequity for DALYs rose from 2,713 in 2020 to 4,044 in 2021). Greater inequities are disproportionately concentrated among males, middle-aged and older individuals, and regions with lower SDI levels.
Conclusions: These findings highlight the substantial disease burden of COVID-19 and elucidate the multidimensional health inequities exacerbated by the pandemic, providing crucial evidence for targeted interventions to address inequities and strengthen resilience in future global health emergencies.