tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
JVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 15 June 2011
J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.00219-11
Copyright ? 2011,American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed
Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.
Phylogeography and evolutionary history of reassortant H9N2 viruses with potential human health implications
Alice Fusaro1,*, Isabella Monne1, Annalisa Salviato1, Viviana Valastro1, Alessia Schivo1, Nadim Mukhles Amarin2, Carlos Gonzalez3, Mahmoud Moussa Ismail4,5, Abdu-Rahman Al-ankari4, Mohamed Hamad Al-Blowi6, Owais Ahmed Khan7, Ali Safar Maken Ali8, Afshin Hedayati9, Juan Garcia Garcia10, Ghulam M. Ziay11, Abdolhamid Shoushtari12, Kassem Nasser Al Qahtani13, Ilaria Capua1, Edward C. Holmes14,15, and Giovanni Cattoli1
1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface. Viale dell'Universit? 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
2 Boehringer Ingelheim, regional technical manager, Dubai 7 ? UAE
3 Boehringer Ingelheim, S.A de C.V., Mexico
4 College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
5 College of Veterinary Medicine, department of Poultry Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
6 Ministry of Agriculture, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
7 College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas - 77843, USA
8 Iran FAO Office Animal Health Consultant on AI & Other TADs, Tehran, Iran
9 Iran Veterinary Organization (IVO), Tehran, Iran
10 FAO-ECTAD-TCEO CTA for Afghanistan & Pakistan
11 Central Laboratory Director CVDRL-Afghanistan
12 Department of Avian Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
13 Department of animal resources, Ministry of Environment, Doha, Qatar
14 Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
15 Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
* Corresponding author: Alice Fusaro.Mailing address: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface. Viale dell'Universit? 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy. Phone: 0039 049 8084381 . Fax.: 0039 049 8084360. E-mail: afusaro@izsvenezie.it
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ABSTRACT
Avian influenza viruses of the H9N2 subtype have seriously affected the poultry industry of the Far and Middle East since the mid-1990's and are considered one of the most likely candidates to cause a new influenza pandemic in humans. To understand the genesis and the epidemiology of these viruses we investigated the spatial and evolutionary dynamics of complete genome sequences of H9N2 viruses circulating in nine Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries from 1998 to 2010. We identified four distinct and co-circulating groups (A, B, C and D), each of which has undergone widespread inter- and intra- subtype reassortment, leading to the generation of viruses with unknown biological properties. Our analysis also suggested that Eastern Asia served as the major source for H9N2 gene segments in the Middle East and Central Asia, and that in this geographic region within-country evolution played a more important role in shaping viral genetic diversity than between-country migration. The genetic variability identified among the H9N2 viruses was associated with specific amino acid substitutions that are believed to result in increased transmissibility in mammals as well as resistance to antiviral drugs. Our study highlights the need to constantly monitor the evolution of H9N2 viruses in poultry to better understand the potential risk for human health posed by these viruses.
http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/short/JVI.00219-11v1?rss=1
J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.00219-11
Copyright ? 2011,American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed
Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.
Phylogeography and evolutionary history of reassortant H9N2 viruses with potential human health implications
Alice Fusaro1,*, Isabella Monne1, Annalisa Salviato1, Viviana Valastro1, Alessia Schivo1, Nadim Mukhles Amarin2, Carlos Gonzalez3, Mahmoud Moussa Ismail4,5, Abdu-Rahman Al-ankari4, Mohamed Hamad Al-Blowi6, Owais Ahmed Khan7, Ali Safar Maken Ali8, Afshin Hedayati9, Juan Garcia Garcia10, Ghulam M. Ziay11, Abdolhamid Shoushtari12, Kassem Nasser Al Qahtani13, Ilaria Capua1, Edward C. Holmes14,15, and Giovanni Cattoli1
1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface. Viale dell'Universit? 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
2 Boehringer Ingelheim, regional technical manager, Dubai 7 ? UAE
3 Boehringer Ingelheim, S.A de C.V., Mexico
4 College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
5 College of Veterinary Medicine, department of Poultry Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
6 Ministry of Agriculture, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
7 College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas - 77843, USA
8 Iran FAO Office Animal Health Consultant on AI & Other TADs, Tehran, Iran
9 Iran Veterinary Organization (IVO), Tehran, Iran
10 FAO-ECTAD-TCEO CTA for Afghanistan & Pakistan
11 Central Laboratory Director CVDRL-Afghanistan
12 Department of Avian Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
13 Department of animal resources, Ministry of Environment, Doha, Qatar
14 Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
15 Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
* Corresponding author: Alice Fusaro.Mailing address: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research & Development Department, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface. Viale dell'Universit? 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy. Phone: 0039 049 8084381 . Fax.: 0039 049 8084360. E-mail: afusaro@izsvenezie.it
arrow
ABSTRACT
Avian influenza viruses of the H9N2 subtype have seriously affected the poultry industry of the Far and Middle East since the mid-1990's and are considered one of the most likely candidates to cause a new influenza pandemic in humans. To understand the genesis and the epidemiology of these viruses we investigated the spatial and evolutionary dynamics of complete genome sequences of H9N2 viruses circulating in nine Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries from 1998 to 2010. We identified four distinct and co-circulating groups (A, B, C and D), each of which has undergone widespread inter- and intra- subtype reassortment, leading to the generation of viruses with unknown biological properties. Our analysis also suggested that Eastern Asia served as the major source for H9N2 gene segments in the Middle East and Central Asia, and that in this geographic region within-country evolution played a more important role in shaping viral genetic diversity than between-country migration. The genetic variability identified among the H9N2 viruses was associated with specific amino acid substitutions that are believed to result in increased transmissibility in mammals as well as resistance to antiviral drugs. Our study highlights the need to constantly monitor the evolution of H9N2 viruses in poultry to better understand the potential risk for human health posed by these viruses.
http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/short/JVI.00219-11v1?rss=1