tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Open Forum Infect Dis
. 2022 Mar 23;9(5)
fac158.
doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac158. eCollection 2022 May.
Singing Is a Risk Factor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Case-Control Study of Karaoke-Related Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreaks in 2 Cities in Hokkaido, Japan, Linked by Whole Genome Analysis
Manami Nakashita[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Yuta Takagi[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Hiroyuki Tanaka[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Haruna Nakamura[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Yusuke Serizawa[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Tomohiko Ukai[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Kotaro Azuma[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Hiroko Chiba[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Kensaku Terada[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Kaori Nakanishi[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Tomoko Fujikawa[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Kayoko Saito[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Ryo Yamaguchi[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Yuu Mitsuhashi[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Koichi Yano[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Tomoko Shibuma[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Akemi Kuzuma[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Shinichiro Tsuda[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Terukazu Sadamoto[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Yasuhiko Ishii[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Tsukasa Ohara[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Yoshiaki Hitomi[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Takashi Hiroshima[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Takuya Yamagishi[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Hajime Kamiya[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Anita Samuel[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Yuichiro Yahata[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Tomoe Shimada[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Yuzo Arima[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Motoi Suzuki[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Tsuyoshi Sekizuka[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Makoto Kuroda[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Tomimasa Sunagawa[SUP] 6 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Background: Singing in an indoor space may increase the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We conducted a case-control study of karaoke-related coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks to reveal the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection among individuals who participate in karaoke.
Methods: Cases were defined as people who enjoyed karaoke at a bar and who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction between 16 May and 3 July 2020. Controls were defined as people who enjoyed karaoke at the same bar during the same period as the cases and tested negative. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. ORs of key variables adjusted for each other were also estimated (aOR).
Results: We identified 81 cases, the majority of whom were active elderly individuals (median age, 75 years). Six cases died (case fatality ratio, 7%). Among the cases, 68 (84%) were guests, 18 of whom had visited ≧2 karaoke bars. A genome analysis conducted in 30 cases showed 6 types of isolates within 4 single-nucleotide variation difference. The case-control study revealed that singing (aOR, 11.0 [95% CI, 1.2-101.0]), not wearing a mask (aOR, 3.7 [95% CI, 1.2-11.2]), and additional hour spent per visit (aOR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.1-2.7]) were associated with COVID-19 infection.
Conclusions: A karaoke-related COVID-19 outbreak that occurred in 2 different cities was confirmed by the results of genome analysis. Singing in less-ventilated, indoor and crowded environments increases the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection. Wearing a mask and staying for only a short time can reduce the risk of infection during karaoke.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; karaoke; mask; singing; whole genome sequencing.
. 2022 Mar 23;9(5)
fac158.doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac158. eCollection 2022 May.
Singing Is a Risk Factor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Case-Control Study of Karaoke-Related Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreaks in 2 Cities in Hokkaido, Japan, Linked by Whole Genome Analysis
Manami Nakashita[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Yuta Takagi[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Hiroyuki Tanaka[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Haruna Nakamura[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Yusuke Serizawa[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Tomohiko Ukai[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Kotaro Azuma[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Hiroko Chiba[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Kensaku Terada[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Kaori Nakanishi[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Tomoko Fujikawa[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Kayoko Saito[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Ryo Yamaguchi[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Yuu Mitsuhashi[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Koichi Yano[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Tomoko Shibuma[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Akemi Kuzuma[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Shinichiro Tsuda[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Terukazu Sadamoto[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Yasuhiko Ishii[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Tsukasa Ohara[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Yoshiaki Hitomi[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Takashi Hiroshima[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Takuya Yamagishi[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Hajime Kamiya[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Anita Samuel[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Yuichiro Yahata[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Tomoe Shimada[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Yuzo Arima[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Motoi Suzuki[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Tsuyoshi Sekizuka[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Makoto Kuroda[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Tomimasa Sunagawa[SUP] 6 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 35531379
- PMCID: PMC8992236
- DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac158
Abstract
Background: Singing in an indoor space may increase the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We conducted a case-control study of karaoke-related coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks to reveal the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection among individuals who participate in karaoke.
Methods: Cases were defined as people who enjoyed karaoke at a bar and who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction between 16 May and 3 July 2020. Controls were defined as people who enjoyed karaoke at the same bar during the same period as the cases and tested negative. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. ORs of key variables adjusted for each other were also estimated (aOR).
Results: We identified 81 cases, the majority of whom were active elderly individuals (median age, 75 years). Six cases died (case fatality ratio, 7%). Among the cases, 68 (84%) were guests, 18 of whom had visited ≧2 karaoke bars. A genome analysis conducted in 30 cases showed 6 types of isolates within 4 single-nucleotide variation difference. The case-control study revealed that singing (aOR, 11.0 [95% CI, 1.2-101.0]), not wearing a mask (aOR, 3.7 [95% CI, 1.2-11.2]), and additional hour spent per visit (aOR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.1-2.7]) were associated with COVID-19 infection.
Conclusions: A karaoke-related COVID-19 outbreak that occurred in 2 different cities was confirmed by the results of genome analysis. Singing in less-ventilated, indoor and crowded environments increases the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection. Wearing a mask and staying for only a short time can reduce the risk of infection during karaoke.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; karaoke; mask; singing; whole genome sequencing.