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One health national programme across species on zoonoses: a call to the developing world
Asokan G. V., Dr1*, Vanitha Asokan, Dr2 and Prathap Tharyan, Dr3
1College of Health Sciences, Kingdom of Bahrain; 2American Mission Hospital, Kingdom of Bahrain; 3South Asian Cochrane Network & Centre, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
Abstract
Zoonoses constitute 868 (61%) of all known infectious diseases, 75% of the infections considered ?emerging? are zoonoses. Developed nations have national programmes, adjoining ?One Health? concept to combat zoonoses, whereas inadequacies exist in developing nations. As a case study, role of national programmes in India, a developing nation with a large human and animal population, was explored, as we did have acquaintance of it. Data from PubMed was extracted using keywords ?Zoonoses AND Prevalence/Incidence AND India AND Human OR Animal? till 2009. Additionally, some individual disease keywords were used for extraction, which were missed by the above comprehensive search terms. On appraisal, the health sector in India has only a few national programme on zoonoses where as none exists in animal husbandry sector. In the struggle against zoonoses -a major constituent of emerging infections, a system approach based, one national programme is urgently required for the developing world.
Keywords: Zoonoses; Epidemiology; Prevalence; Incidence; Program Evaluation
Received: 18 July 2011; Revised: 14 September 2011; Accepted: 28 September2011; Published: 24 October 2011
Citation: Infection Ecology and Epidemiology 2011, 1: 8293 - DOI: 10.3402/iee.v1i0.8293
Infection Ecology and Epidemiology 2011. ? 2011 Asokan. G. V. et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The World Health Organisation (1) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world. A database (2) has identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans, including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths. Zoonoses constitute 868 (61%) of all known infectious diseases, with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic.
Zoonoses in general and food-borne zoonoses in particular have a major impact on health in the developing world, with a bulk of their source from foods of animal origin. Exposures to humans occur through meat, vegetables and water contaminated by animals in the food chain. In addition to human disease, zoonoses pose an economic burden on livestock production. Although extensive antibiotics are used in animal husbandry for growth promotion in many parts of the world, non-therapeutic use creates a potential hazard in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that include zoonotic agents.
The ?One Health? concept (3) is a worldwide strategy to control zoonoses by expanding interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of health care for humans, animals and environment. When planning on a national level with inter-sectoral coordination to control zoonoses, it is necessary to adopt the One Health approach. There are networked efforts adjoining One Health in certain developed nations for combating zoonoses, whereas inadequacies prevail in developing countries. This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of national programmes for zoonoses in India?a developing country with large human and animal populations and to make recommendations on the deficiencies identified.
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http://www.infectionecologyandepidemiology.net/index.php/iee/article/view/8293/html
Asokan G. V., Dr1*, Vanitha Asokan, Dr2 and Prathap Tharyan, Dr3
1College of Health Sciences, Kingdom of Bahrain; 2American Mission Hospital, Kingdom of Bahrain; 3South Asian Cochrane Network & Centre, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
Abstract
Zoonoses constitute 868 (61%) of all known infectious diseases, 75% of the infections considered ?emerging? are zoonoses. Developed nations have national programmes, adjoining ?One Health? concept to combat zoonoses, whereas inadequacies exist in developing nations. As a case study, role of national programmes in India, a developing nation with a large human and animal population, was explored, as we did have acquaintance of it. Data from PubMed was extracted using keywords ?Zoonoses AND Prevalence/Incidence AND India AND Human OR Animal? till 2009. Additionally, some individual disease keywords were used for extraction, which were missed by the above comprehensive search terms. On appraisal, the health sector in India has only a few national programme on zoonoses where as none exists in animal husbandry sector. In the struggle against zoonoses -a major constituent of emerging infections, a system approach based, one national programme is urgently required for the developing world.
Keywords: Zoonoses; Epidemiology; Prevalence; Incidence; Program Evaluation
Received: 18 July 2011; Revised: 14 September 2011; Accepted: 28 September2011; Published: 24 October 2011
Citation: Infection Ecology and Epidemiology 2011, 1: 8293 - DOI: 10.3402/iee.v1i0.8293
Infection Ecology and Epidemiology 2011. ? 2011 Asokan. G. V. et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The World Health Organisation (1) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world. A database (2) has identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans, including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths. Zoonoses constitute 868 (61%) of all known infectious diseases, with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic.
Zoonoses in general and food-borne zoonoses in particular have a major impact on health in the developing world, with a bulk of their source from foods of animal origin. Exposures to humans occur through meat, vegetables and water contaminated by animals in the food chain. In addition to human disease, zoonoses pose an economic burden on livestock production. Although extensive antibiotics are used in animal husbandry for growth promotion in many parts of the world, non-therapeutic use creates a potential hazard in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that include zoonotic agents.
The ?One Health? concept (3) is a worldwide strategy to control zoonoses by expanding interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of health care for humans, animals and environment. When planning on a national level with inter-sectoral coordination to control zoonoses, it is necessary to adopt the One Health approach. There are networked efforts adjoining One Health in certain developed nations for combating zoonoses, whereas inadequacies prevail in developing countries. This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of national programmes for zoonoses in India?a developing country with large human and animal populations and to make recommendations on the deficiencies identified.
...
http://www.infectionecologyandepidemiology.net/index.php/iee/article/view/8293/html