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Npj Viruses . Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in the United States: recent incursions and spillover to cattle

tetano

tetano

Editor, Senior Moderator
Npj Viruses


. 2025 Jul 5;3(1):54.
doi: 10.1038/s44298-025-00138-5. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in the United States: recent incursions and spillover to cattle

Ahmed Mostafa[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Aitor Nogales[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Luis Martinez-Sobrido[SUP] 4 [/SUP]



Affiliations
Abstract

Since Spring 2024, new genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b have been identified in the United States (US). These HPAI H5N1 genotypes have caused unprecedented multi-state outbreaks in poultry and dairy farms, and human infections. Here, we discuss the current situation of this outbreak and emphasizes the need for pre-pandemic preparedness to control HPAI H5N1 in both poultry and dairy farms in the US.


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from above
Excerpt:

Taken together, the large epizootic of the two B3.13 and D1.1 genotypes of the 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 marks a challenging new chapter in the ongoing battle against zoonotic avian influenza viruses since 1996. Certainly, the effective implementation of the “One Health” approach and transparency by providing detailed epidemiological data during systemic surveillance studies and the proper adoption of effective preventive measures like vaccination could reduce the risk of the ongoing deadly and costly outbreaks in dairy cattle, while also minimizing zoonotic transmission of these 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 viruses to humans. In addition, wild bird-to-poultry (D1.1), wild bird-to-cow (B3.13) and the new avian-to-cow (D1.1) spillovers challenge the food supply system, especially in the cow industry that is no yet familiarized to HPAI H5N1 infections, that would benefit of strategies to control HPAI H5N1 infections, and their continuous spillover to humans. This situation might be a reminder to reinforce support for the ongoing research and surveillance programs and to enhance collaboration with international organizations to avoid a recurrence of another pandemic crisis.​
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