Giuseppe
Emeritus
NEJM -- Melamine-Contaminated Powdered Formula and Urolithiasis in Young Children
Melamine-Contaminated Powdered Formula and Urolithiasis in Young Children
Na Guan, M.D., Ph.D., Qingfeng Fan, M.D., Ph.D., Jie Ding, M.D., Ph.D., Yiming Zhao, Ph.D., Jingqiao Lu, Ph.D., Yi Ai, M.D., Guobin Xu, M.S., Sainan Zhu, M.S., Chen Yao, M.D., Lina Jiang, M.D., Jing Miao, M.D., Han Zhang, M.D., Dan Zhao, M.D., Xiaoyu Liu, M.D., and Yong Yao, M.D.
ABSTRACT
Background
A recent epidemic of melamine contamination of baby formula in China has been associated with the development of urinary tract stones, though the clinical manifestations and predisposing factors are incompletely delineated.
Methods
We administered a questionnaire to the parents of children 36 months of age or younger who were being screened for a history of exposure to melamine and symptoms of, and possible predisposing factors for, urinary tract stones. In addition, we performed urinalysis, renal-function and liver-function tests, urinary tests for biochemical markers and the calcium:creatinine ratio, and ultrasonography. Powdered-milk infant formulas were classified as having a high melamine content (>500 ppm), a moderate melamine content (<150 ppm), or no melamine (0 ppm); no formulas contained between 150 and 500 ppm of melamine.
Results
Contaminated formula was ingested by 421 of 589 children. Fifty had urinary stones, including 8 who had not received melamine-contaminated formula; 112 were suspected to have stones; and 427 had no stones. Among children with stones, 5.9% had hematuria and 2.9% had leukocyturia, percentages that did not differ significantly from those among children who were suspected to have stones or those who did not have stones. Serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and alanine aminotransferase levels were normal in the 22 children with stones who were tested. Four of the 41 children (9.8%) who had stones and in whom urinary markers of glomerular function were measured had evidence of abnormalities; none had tubular dysfunction. Children exposed to high-melamine formula were 7.0 times as likely to have stones as those exposed to no-melamine formula. Preterm infants were 4.5 times as likely to have stones as term infants.
Conclusions
Prematurity and exposure to melamine-contaminated formula were associated with urinary stones. Affected children lacked typical signs and symptoms of urolithiasis.
Source Information
From Peking University First Hospital (N.G., Q.F., J.D., Y.A., G.X., S.Z., C.Y., L.J., J.M., H.Z., D.Z., X.L., Y.Y.) and the Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital (Y.Z., J.L.) ? both in Beijing.
Drs. Guan and Fan contributed equally to this article.
This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0809550) was published at NEJM.org on February 4, 2009.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Ding at Peking University First Hospital, No. 1, Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing, 100034, China, or at djnc_5855@126.com.
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<cite cite="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/360/11/1067">NEJM -- Melamine-Contaminated Powdered Formula and Urolithiasis in Young Children</cite>Na Guan, M.D., Ph.D., Qingfeng Fan, M.D., Ph.D., Jie Ding, M.D., Ph.D., Yiming Zhao, Ph.D., Jingqiao Lu, Ph.D., Yi Ai, M.D., Guobin Xu, M.S., Sainan Zhu, M.S., Chen Yao, M.D., Lina Jiang, M.D., Jing Miao, M.D., Han Zhang, M.D., Dan Zhao, M.D., Xiaoyu Liu, M.D., and Yong Yao, M.D.
ABSTRACT
Background
A recent epidemic of melamine contamination of baby formula in China has been associated with the development of urinary tract stones, though the clinical manifestations and predisposing factors are incompletely delineated.
Methods
We administered a questionnaire to the parents of children 36 months of age or younger who were being screened for a history of exposure to melamine and symptoms of, and possible predisposing factors for, urinary tract stones. In addition, we performed urinalysis, renal-function and liver-function tests, urinary tests for biochemical markers and the calcium:creatinine ratio, and ultrasonography. Powdered-milk infant formulas were classified as having a high melamine content (>500 ppm), a moderate melamine content (<150 ppm), or no melamine (0 ppm); no formulas contained between 150 and 500 ppm of melamine.
Results
Contaminated formula was ingested by 421 of 589 children. Fifty had urinary stones, including 8 who had not received melamine-contaminated formula; 112 were suspected to have stones; and 427 had no stones. Among children with stones, 5.9% had hematuria and 2.9% had leukocyturia, percentages that did not differ significantly from those among children who were suspected to have stones or those who did not have stones. Serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and alanine aminotransferase levels were normal in the 22 children with stones who were tested. Four of the 41 children (9.8%) who had stones and in whom urinary markers of glomerular function were measured had evidence of abnormalities; none had tubular dysfunction. Children exposed to high-melamine formula were 7.0 times as likely to have stones as those exposed to no-melamine formula. Preterm infants were 4.5 times as likely to have stones as term infants.
Conclusions
Prematurity and exposure to melamine-contaminated formula were associated with urinary stones. Affected children lacked typical signs and symptoms of urolithiasis.
Source Information
From Peking University First Hospital (N.G., Q.F., J.D., Y.A., G.X., S.Z., C.Y., L.J., J.M., H.Z., D.Z., X.L., Y.Y.) and the Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital (Y.Z., J.L.) ? both in Beijing.
Drs. Guan and Fan contributed equally to this article.
This article (10.1056/NEJMoa0809550) was published at NEJM.org on February 4, 2009.
Address reprint requests to Dr. Ding at Peking University First Hospital, No. 1, Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing, 100034, China, or at djnc_5855@126.com.
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