sharon sanders
Editor-in-Chief & President
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr valign="bottom"><td align="left">Quantification of the efficiency of treatment of Anopheles gambiae breeding
sites with petroleum products by local communities in areas of insecticide
resistance in the Republic of Benin
Research
</td><td align="right">
<!-- <rdf:RDF xmlns:cc="http://web.resource.org/cc/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns
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Malaria Journal</prismublicationName>
2007-05-08</prismublicationDate>
6</prism:volume>
1</prism:number>
Research</prism:section>
56</prism:startingPage> </item> </rdf:RDF> -->.</td> </tr> </tbody></table>Quantification of the efficiency of treatment of Anopheles gambiae breeding sites with petroleum products by local communities in areas of insecticide resistance in the Republic of Benin
Rousseau F Djouaka
, Adekunle A Bakare , Honore S Bankole , Julien MC Doannio , Hortense Kossou and Martin C Akogbeto
Malaria Journal 2007, 6:56 doi:10.1186/1475-2875-6-56
<table class="smalltext" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Published</td> <td width="25"> </td> <td>8 May 2007</td></tr></tbody></table>
Background
The emergence of Anopheles populations capable of withstanding lethal doses of insecticides has weakened the efficacy of most insecticide based strategies of vector control and, has highlighted the need for developing new insecticidal molecules or, improving the efficacy of existing insecticides or abandoning those to which resistance has emerged. The use of petroleum products (PP) against mosquito larvae had an immense success during early programmes of malaria control, but these compounds were abandoned and replaced in the 1950s by synthetic insecticides probably because of the high performances given by these new products. In the current context of vector resistance, it is important to elucidate the empirical use of PP by quantifying their efficiencies on resistant strains of Anopheles.
Methods
Larvae of Anopheles Ladji a local resistant strain were exposed to increasing concentrations of various PP (kerosene, petrol and engine oils) for 24 hours and the lethal activities recorded. The highest concentration (HiC) having no lethal activity (also referred as the NOEL or no effect level) and the lowest concentration (LoC100) yielding 100% mortality were rated for each PP on the Ladji strain. Prior to laboratory analysis, KAP studies were conducted in three traditional communities were insecticide resistance is clearly established to confirm the use of PP against mosquitoes.
Results
Laboratory analysis of petrol, kerosene and engine oils, clearly established their lethal activities on resistant strains of Anopheles larvae. Contrary to existing references, this research revealed that exposed larvae of Anopheles were mostly killed by direct contact toxicity and not by suffocation as indicated in some earlier reports.
Conclusion
This research could serve as scientific basis to backup the empirical utilisation of PP on mosquito larvae and to envisage possibilities of using PP in some traditional settings where Anopheles have developed resistance to currently used insecticides.
sites with petroleum products by local communities in areas of insecticide
resistance in the Republic of Benin
Research
</td><td align="right">
<!-- <rdf:RDF xmlns:cc="http://web.resource.org/cc/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlnsrism="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"> <cc:Work rdf:about="http://www.malariajournal.com/content/6/1/56"> <cc:license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"/> </cc:Work> <cc:License rdf:about="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"> <ccermits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Reproduction"/> <ccermits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Distribution"/> <cc:requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Notice"/> <cc:requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Attribution"/> <ccermits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/DerivativeWorks"/> </cc:License> <item rdf:about="http://www.malariajournal.com/content/6/1/56"> <title>Quantification of the efficiency of treatment of Anopheles gambiae breeding sites with petroleum products by local communities in areas of insecticide resistance in the Republic of Benin</title> <dc:title>Quantification of the efficiency of treatment of Anopheles gambiae breeding sites with petroleum products by local communities in areas of insecticide resistance in the Republic of Benin</dc:title> <dc:creator>Djouaka, Rousseau F</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bakare, Adekunle A</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Bankole, Honore S</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Doannio, Julien MC</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Kossou, Hortense</dc:creator> <dc:creator>Akogbeto, Martin C</dc:creator> <dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1186/1475-2875-6-56</dc:identifier> <dc:identifier>infomid/17488523</dc:identifier> <dc:source>Malaria Journal 2007, 6:56</dc:source> <dc:date>2007-05-08</dc:date> Malaria Journal</prism
ublicationName> 2007-05-08</prism
ublicationDate> 6</prism:volume>
1</prism:number>
Research</prism:section>
56</prism:startingPage> </item> </rdf:RDF> -->.</td> </tr> </tbody></table>Quantification of the efficiency of treatment of Anopheles gambiae breeding sites with petroleum products by local communities in areas of insecticide resistance in the Republic of Benin
Rousseau F Djouaka
, Adekunle A Bakare , Honore S Bankole , Julien MC Doannio , Hortense Kossou and Martin C Akogbeto Malaria Journal 2007, 6:56 doi:10.1186/1475-2875-6-56
<table class="smalltext" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>Published</td> <td width="25"> </td> <td>8 May 2007</td></tr></tbody></table>
Background
The emergence of Anopheles populations capable of withstanding lethal doses of insecticides has weakened the efficacy of most insecticide based strategies of vector control and, has highlighted the need for developing new insecticidal molecules or, improving the efficacy of existing insecticides or abandoning those to which resistance has emerged. The use of petroleum products (PP) against mosquito larvae had an immense success during early programmes of malaria control, but these compounds were abandoned and replaced in the 1950s by synthetic insecticides probably because of the high performances given by these new products. In the current context of vector resistance, it is important to elucidate the empirical use of PP by quantifying their efficiencies on resistant strains of Anopheles.
Methods
Larvae of Anopheles Ladji a local resistant strain were exposed to increasing concentrations of various PP (kerosene, petrol and engine oils) for 24 hours and the lethal activities recorded. The highest concentration (HiC) having no lethal activity (also referred as the NOEL or no effect level) and the lowest concentration (LoC100) yielding 100% mortality were rated for each PP on the Ladji strain. Prior to laboratory analysis, KAP studies were conducted in three traditional communities were insecticide resistance is clearly established to confirm the use of PP against mosquitoes.
Results
Laboratory analysis of petrol, kerosene and engine oils, clearly established their lethal activities on resistant strains of Anopheles larvae. Contrary to existing references, this research revealed that exposed larvae of Anopheles were mostly killed by direct contact toxicity and not by suffocation as indicated in some earlier reports.
Conclusion
This research could serve as scientific basis to backup the empirical utilisation of PP on mosquito larvae and to envisage possibilities of using PP in some traditional settings where Anopheles have developed resistance to currently used insecticides.