tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Microbiol Spectr
. 2022 Feb 23;10(1):e0084521.
doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00845-21. Epub 2022 Feb 23.
Evaluation of the Levels of Peripheral CD3 [SUP]+[/SUP], CD4 [SUP]+[/SUP], and CD8 [SUP]+[/SUP] T Cells and IgG and IgM Antibodies in COVID-19 Patients at Different Stages of Infection
Waleed Aljabr[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ahod Al-Amari[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Basma Abbas[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Alaa Karkashan[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Saad Alamri[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Mohammed Alnamnakani[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Athba Al-Qahtani[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection affects the stimulatory levels of cellular-mediated immunity, which plays an essential role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection. In fact, several studies have shown the association of lymphopenia with severe COVID-19 in patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the response of the immune system, including cell-mediated immunity and antibody production, during different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Peripheral blood and serum samples were collected from patients with moderate infection, patients under medication (hospitalized), patients who had recovered, and healthy individuals (n = 80). Flow cytometry analysis was performed on peripheral blood samples to determine the cellular immunity profile of each patient. The data showed a significant reduction in the levels of CD3[SUP]+[/SUP], CD4[SUP]+[/SUP], and CD8[SUP]+[/SUP] T cells and CD45[SUP]+[/SUP] cells in the moderate and under-medication groups, suggesting lymphopenia in those patients. Also, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted on the serum samples to measure the levels of antibodies, including IgM and IgG, in each patient. The results revealed a significant increase in the levels of IgM in the moderate infection and under-medication patients, thus indicating the production of IgM during the first week of infection. Furthermore, changes in the levels of IgG were significantly detected among recovered patients, indicating therefore a remarkable increase during the recovery stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection and thus a strong humoral-mediated immunity. In summary, the results of this study may help us to understand the main role of the cellular immune responses, including CD3[SUP]+[/SUP], CD4[SUP]+[/SUP], and CD8[SUP]+[/SUP] T cells, against SARS-CoV-2 infection. This understanding might support the development of SARS-CoV-2 treatments and vaccines in the near future. IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019 in China. This virus is a serious threat to people not only in China but also worldwide, where it has been detected in over 222 countries. It has been reported that ∼3.4% of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients have died. The significance of our study relies on the fact that an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry were used to measure the levels of antibodies and cellular immune response, respectively, from clinical samples of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords: CD4; CD8; COVID-19; IgG; IgM; SARS-CoV-2; T cells.
. 2022 Feb 23;10(1):e0084521.
doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00845-21. Epub 2022 Feb 23.
Evaluation of the Levels of Peripheral CD3 [SUP]+[/SUP], CD4 [SUP]+[/SUP], and CD8 [SUP]+[/SUP] T Cells and IgG and IgM Antibodies in COVID-19 Patients at Different Stages of Infection
Waleed Aljabr[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ahod Al-Amari[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Basma Abbas[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Alaa Karkashan[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Saad Alamri[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Mohammed Alnamnakani[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Athba Al-Qahtani[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 35196808
- DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00845-21
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection affects the stimulatory levels of cellular-mediated immunity, which plays an essential role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection. In fact, several studies have shown the association of lymphopenia with severe COVID-19 in patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the response of the immune system, including cell-mediated immunity and antibody production, during different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Peripheral blood and serum samples were collected from patients with moderate infection, patients under medication (hospitalized), patients who had recovered, and healthy individuals (n = 80). Flow cytometry analysis was performed on peripheral blood samples to determine the cellular immunity profile of each patient. The data showed a significant reduction in the levels of CD3[SUP]+[/SUP], CD4[SUP]+[/SUP], and CD8[SUP]+[/SUP] T cells and CD45[SUP]+[/SUP] cells in the moderate and under-medication groups, suggesting lymphopenia in those patients. Also, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted on the serum samples to measure the levels of antibodies, including IgM and IgG, in each patient. The results revealed a significant increase in the levels of IgM in the moderate infection and under-medication patients, thus indicating the production of IgM during the first week of infection. Furthermore, changes in the levels of IgG were significantly detected among recovered patients, indicating therefore a remarkable increase during the recovery stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection and thus a strong humoral-mediated immunity. In summary, the results of this study may help us to understand the main role of the cellular immune responses, including CD3[SUP]+[/SUP], CD4[SUP]+[/SUP], and CD8[SUP]+[/SUP] T cells, against SARS-CoV-2 infection. This understanding might support the development of SARS-CoV-2 treatments and vaccines in the near future. IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019 in China. This virus is a serious threat to people not only in China but also worldwide, where it has been detected in over 222 countries. It has been reported that ∼3.4% of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients have died. The significance of our study relies on the fact that an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry were used to measure the levels of antibodies and cellular immune response, respectively, from clinical samples of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords: CD4; CD8; COVID-19; IgG; IgM; SARS-CoV-2; T cells.