tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Microb Pathog
. 2021 May 4;104941.
doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104941. Online ahead of print.
Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis
M Nazmul Hoque[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Salma Akter[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Israt Dilruba Mishu[SUP] 3 [/SUP], M Rafiul Islam[SUP] 3 [/SUP], M Shaminur Rahman[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Masuda Akhter[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Israt Islam[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Mehedi Mahmudul Hasan[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Md Mizanur Rahaman[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Munawar Sultana[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Tofazzal Islam[SUP] 5 [/SUP], M Anwar Hossain[SUP] 6 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
The novel coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has traumatized the whole world with the ongoing devastating pandemic. A plethora of microbial domains including viruses (other than SARS-CoV-2), bacteria, archaea and fungi have evolved together and interact in complex molecular pathogenesis along with SARS-CoV-2. However, the involvement of other microbial co-pathogens and underlying molecular mechanisms leading to extortionate ailment in critically ill COVID-19 patients has yet not been extensively reviewed. Although, the incidence of co-infections could be up to 94.2% in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, the fate of co-infections among SARS-CoV-2 infected hosts often depends on the balance between the host's protective immunity and immunopathology. Predominantly identified co-pathogens of SARS-CoV-2 are bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Legionella pneumophila and Clamydia pneumoniae followed by viruses including influenza, coronavirus, rhinovirus/enterovirus, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus, influenza B virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. The cross-talk between co-pathogens (especially lung microbiomes), SARS-CoV-2 and host is an important factor that ultimately increases the difficulty of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. Simultaneously, co-infecting microbiotas may use new strategies to escape host defense mechanisms by altering both innate and adaptive immune responses to further aggravate SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Better understanding of co-infections in COVID-19 is critical for the effective patient management, treatment and containment of SARS-CoV-2. This review therefore necessitates the comprehensive investigation of commonly reported microbial co-pathogens amid COVID-19, their transmission pattern along with the possible mechanism of co-infections and outcomes. Thus, identifying the possible co-pathogens and their underlying molecular mechanisms during SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis may shed light in developing diagnostics, appropriate curative and preventive interventions for suspected SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections in the current pandemic.
Keywords: COVID-19; Microbial co-infections; Molecular pathogenesis; SARS-CoV-2.
. 2021 May 4;104941.
doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104941. Online ahead of print.
Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis
M Nazmul Hoque[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Salma Akter[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Israt Dilruba Mishu[SUP] 3 [/SUP], M Rafiul Islam[SUP] 3 [/SUP], M Shaminur Rahman[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Masuda Akhter[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Israt Islam[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Mehedi Mahmudul Hasan[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Md Mizanur Rahaman[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Munawar Sultana[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Tofazzal Islam[SUP] 5 [/SUP], M Anwar Hossain[SUP] 6 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 33962007
- DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104941
Abstract
The novel coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has traumatized the whole world with the ongoing devastating pandemic. A plethora of microbial domains including viruses (other than SARS-CoV-2), bacteria, archaea and fungi have evolved together and interact in complex molecular pathogenesis along with SARS-CoV-2. However, the involvement of other microbial co-pathogens and underlying molecular mechanisms leading to extortionate ailment in critically ill COVID-19 patients has yet not been extensively reviewed. Although, the incidence of co-infections could be up to 94.2% in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, the fate of co-infections among SARS-CoV-2 infected hosts often depends on the balance between the host's protective immunity and immunopathology. Predominantly identified co-pathogens of SARS-CoV-2 are bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Legionella pneumophila and Clamydia pneumoniae followed by viruses including influenza, coronavirus, rhinovirus/enterovirus, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus, influenza B virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. The cross-talk between co-pathogens (especially lung microbiomes), SARS-CoV-2 and host is an important factor that ultimately increases the difficulty of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. Simultaneously, co-infecting microbiotas may use new strategies to escape host defense mechanisms by altering both innate and adaptive immune responses to further aggravate SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Better understanding of co-infections in COVID-19 is critical for the effective patient management, treatment and containment of SARS-CoV-2. This review therefore necessitates the comprehensive investigation of commonly reported microbial co-pathogens amid COVID-19, their transmission pattern along with the possible mechanism of co-infections and outcomes. Thus, identifying the possible co-pathogens and their underlying molecular mechanisms during SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis may shed light in developing diagnostics, appropriate curative and preventive interventions for suspected SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections in the current pandemic.
Keywords: COVID-19; Microbial co-infections; Molecular pathogenesis; SARS-CoV-2.