tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
mBio
. 2024 Jan 25:e0272223.
doi: 10.1128/mbio.02722-23. Online ahead of print. Cross-protective HCoV immunity reduces symptom development during SARS-CoV-2 infection
Irene A Abela[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Magdalena Schwarzmüller[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Agne Ulyte[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Thomas Radtke[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Sarah R Haile[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Priska Ammann[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Alessia Raineri[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Sonja Rueegg[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Selina Epp[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Christoph Berger[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Jürg Böni[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Amapola Manrique[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Annette Audigé[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Michael Huber[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Peter W Schreiber[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Thomas Scheier[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Jan Fehr[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Jacqueline Weber[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Peter Rusert[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Huldrych F Günthard[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Roger D Kouyos[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Milo A Puhan[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Susi Kriemler[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Alexandra Trkola[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Chloé Pasin[SUP] 1 2 5 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Numerous clinical parameters link to severe coronavirus disease 2019, but factors that prevent symptomatic disease remain unknown. We investigated the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) antibody responses on symptoms in a longitudinal children cohort (n = 2,917) and a cross-sectional cohort including children and adults (n = 882), all first exposed to SARS-CoV-2 (March 2020 to March 2021) in Switzerland. Saliva (n = 4,993) and plasma (n = 7,486) antibody reactivity to the four HCoVs (subunit S1 [S1]) and SARS-CoV-2 (S1, receptor binding domain, subunit S2 [S2], nucleocapsid protein) was determined along with neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, Alpha, Delta, and Omicron (BA.2) in a subset of individuals. Inferred recent SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a strong correlation between mucosal and systemic SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike responses. Individuals with pre-existing HCoV-S1 reactivity exhibited significantly higher antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in both plasma (IgG regression coefficients = 0.20, 95% CI = [0.09, 0.32], P < 0.001) and saliva (IgG regression coefficient = 0.60, 95% CI = [0.088, 1.11], P = 0.025). Saliva neutralization activity was modest but surprisingly broad, retaining activity against Wuhan (median NT50 = 32.0, 1Q-3Q = [16.4, 50.2]), Alpha (median NT50 = 34.9, 1Q-3Q = [26.0, 46.6]), and Delta (median NT50 = 28.0, 1Q-3Q = [19.9, 41.7]). In line with a rapid mucosal defense triggered by cross-reactive HCoV immunity, asymptomatic individuals presented with higher pre-existing HCoV-S1 activity in plasma (IgG HKU1, odds ratio [OR] = 0.53, 95% CI = [0.29,0.97], P = 0.038) and saliva (total HCoV, OR = 0.55, 95% CI = [0.33, 0.91], P = 0.019) and higher SARS-CoV-2 reactivity in saliva (IgG S2 fold change = 1.26, 95% CI = [1.03, 1.54], P = 0.030). By investigating the systemic and mucosal immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoVs in a population without prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination, we identified specific antibody reactivities associated with lack of symptom development.IMPORTANCEKnowledge of the interplay between human coronavirus (HCoV) immunity and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is critical to understanding the coexistence of current endemic coronaviruses and to building knowledge potential future zoonotic coronavirus transmissions. This study, which retrospectively analyzed a large cohort of individuals first exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in Switzerland in 2020-2021, revealed several key findings. Pre-existing HCoV immunity, particularly mucosal antibody responses, played a significant role in improving SARS-CoV-2 immune response upon infection and reducing symptoms development. Mucosal neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2, although low in magnitude, retained activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants underlining the importance of maintaining local mucosal immunity to SARS-CoV-2. While the cross-protective effect of HCoV immunity was not sufficient to block infection by SARS-CoV-2, the present study revealed a remarkable impact on limiting symptomatic disease. These findings support the feasibility of generating pan-protective coronavirus vaccines by inducing potent mucosal immune responses.
Keywords: HCoV; SARS-CoV-2; children; cross-immunity; pre-exisiting immunity; respiratory infection.
. 2024 Jan 25:e0272223.
doi: 10.1128/mbio.02722-23. Online ahead of print. Cross-protective HCoV immunity reduces symptom development during SARS-CoV-2 infection
Irene A Abela[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Magdalena Schwarzmüller[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Agne Ulyte[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Thomas Radtke[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Sarah R Haile[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Priska Ammann[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Alessia Raineri[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Sonja Rueegg[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Selina Epp[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Christoph Berger[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Jürg Böni[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Amapola Manrique[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Annette Audigé[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Michael Huber[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Peter W Schreiber[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Thomas Scheier[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Jan Fehr[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Jacqueline Weber[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Peter Rusert[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Huldrych F Günthard[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Roger D Kouyos[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Milo A Puhan[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Susi Kriemler[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Alexandra Trkola[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Chloé Pasin[SUP] 1 2 5 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 38270455
- DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02722-23
Numerous clinical parameters link to severe coronavirus disease 2019, but factors that prevent symptomatic disease remain unknown. We investigated the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) antibody responses on symptoms in a longitudinal children cohort (n = 2,917) and a cross-sectional cohort including children and adults (n = 882), all first exposed to SARS-CoV-2 (March 2020 to March 2021) in Switzerland. Saliva (n = 4,993) and plasma (n = 7,486) antibody reactivity to the four HCoVs (subunit S1 [S1]) and SARS-CoV-2 (S1, receptor binding domain, subunit S2 [S2], nucleocapsid protein) was determined along with neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, Alpha, Delta, and Omicron (BA.2) in a subset of individuals. Inferred recent SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a strong correlation between mucosal and systemic SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike responses. Individuals with pre-existing HCoV-S1 reactivity exhibited significantly higher antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in both plasma (IgG regression coefficients = 0.20, 95% CI = [0.09, 0.32], P < 0.001) and saliva (IgG regression coefficient = 0.60, 95% CI = [0.088, 1.11], P = 0.025). Saliva neutralization activity was modest but surprisingly broad, retaining activity against Wuhan (median NT50 = 32.0, 1Q-3Q = [16.4, 50.2]), Alpha (median NT50 = 34.9, 1Q-3Q = [26.0, 46.6]), and Delta (median NT50 = 28.0, 1Q-3Q = [19.9, 41.7]). In line with a rapid mucosal defense triggered by cross-reactive HCoV immunity, asymptomatic individuals presented with higher pre-existing HCoV-S1 activity in plasma (IgG HKU1, odds ratio [OR] = 0.53, 95% CI = [0.29,0.97], P = 0.038) and saliva (total HCoV, OR = 0.55, 95% CI = [0.33, 0.91], P = 0.019) and higher SARS-CoV-2 reactivity in saliva (IgG S2 fold change = 1.26, 95% CI = [1.03, 1.54], P = 0.030). By investigating the systemic and mucosal immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoVs in a population without prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination, we identified specific antibody reactivities associated with lack of symptom development.IMPORTANCEKnowledge of the interplay between human coronavirus (HCoV) immunity and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is critical to understanding the coexistence of current endemic coronaviruses and to building knowledge potential future zoonotic coronavirus transmissions. This study, which retrospectively analyzed a large cohort of individuals first exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in Switzerland in 2020-2021, revealed several key findings. Pre-existing HCoV immunity, particularly mucosal antibody responses, played a significant role in improving SARS-CoV-2 immune response upon infection and reducing symptoms development. Mucosal neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2, although low in magnitude, retained activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants underlining the importance of maintaining local mucosal immunity to SARS-CoV-2. While the cross-protective effect of HCoV immunity was not sufficient to block infection by SARS-CoV-2, the present study revealed a remarkable impact on limiting symptomatic disease. These findings support the feasibility of generating pan-protective coronavirus vaccines by inducing potent mucosal immune responses.
Keywords: HCoV; SARS-CoV-2; children; cross-immunity; pre-exisiting immunity; respiratory infection.