tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
J Virol
. 2021 May 26;JVI0040321.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.00403-21. Online ahead of print.
Respiratory tract explant infection dynamics of influenza A virus in California sea lions, northern elephant seals, and rhesus macaques
Hongwei Liu[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Magdalena Plancarte[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Erin E Ball[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Christopher M Weiss[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Omar Gonzales-Viera[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Karen Holcomb[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Zhong-Min Ma[SUP] 2 [/SUP], A Mark Allen[SUP] 2 [/SUP], J Rachel Reader[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Pádraig J Duignan[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Barbie Halaska[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Zenab Khan[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Divya Kriti[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Jayeeta Dutta[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Harm van Bakel[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Kenneth Jackson[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Patricia A Pesavento[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Walter M Boyce[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Lark L Coffey[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
To understand susceptibility of wild California sea lions and Northern elephant seals to influenza A virus (IAV), we developed an ex vivo respiratory explant model and used it to compare infection kinetics for multiple IAV subtypes. We first established the approach using explants from colonized rhesus macaques, a model for human IAV. Trachea, bronchi, and lungs from 11 California sea lions, 2 Northern elephant seals and 10 rhesus macaques were inoculated within 24 hours post-mortem with 6 strains representing 4 IAV subtypes. Explants from the 3 species showed similar IAV infection kinetics with peak viral titers 48-72 hours post-inoculation that increased by 2-4 log[SUB]10[/SUB] plaque forming units (PFU)/explant relative to the inoculum. Immunohistochemistry localized IAV infection to apical epithelial cells. These results demonstrate that respiratory tissue explants from wild marine mammals support IAV infection. In the absence of the ability to perform experimental infections of marine mammals, this ex vivo culture of respiratory tissues mirrors the in vivo environment and serves as a tool to study IAV susceptibility, host-range, and tissue tropism. Importance Although influenza A virus can infect marine mammals, a dearth of marine mammal cell lines and ethical and logistical challenges prohibiting experimental infections of living marine mammals means that little is known about IAV infection kinetics in these species. We circumvented these limitations by adapting a respiratory tract explant model first to establish the approach with rhesus macaques and then for use with explants from wild marine mammals euthanized for non-respiratory medical conditions. We observed that multiple strains representing 4 IAV subtypes infected trachea, bronchi, and lungs of macaques and marine mammals with variable peak titers and kinetics. This ex vivo model can define infection dynamics for IAV in marine mammals. Further, use of explants from animals euthanized for other reasons reduces use of animals in research.
. 2021 May 26;JVI0040321.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.00403-21. Online ahead of print.
Respiratory tract explant infection dynamics of influenza A virus in California sea lions, northern elephant seals, and rhesus macaques
Hongwei Liu[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Magdalena Plancarte[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Erin E Ball[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Christopher M Weiss[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Omar Gonzales-Viera[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Karen Holcomb[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Zhong-Min Ma[SUP] 2 [/SUP], A Mark Allen[SUP] 2 [/SUP], J Rachel Reader[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Pádraig J Duignan[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Barbie Halaska[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Zenab Khan[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Divya Kriti[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Jayeeta Dutta[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Harm van Bakel[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Kenneth Jackson[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Patricia A Pesavento[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Walter M Boyce[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Lark L Coffey[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 34037419
- DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00403-21
Abstract
To understand susceptibility of wild California sea lions and Northern elephant seals to influenza A virus (IAV), we developed an ex vivo respiratory explant model and used it to compare infection kinetics for multiple IAV subtypes. We first established the approach using explants from colonized rhesus macaques, a model for human IAV. Trachea, bronchi, and lungs from 11 California sea lions, 2 Northern elephant seals and 10 rhesus macaques were inoculated within 24 hours post-mortem with 6 strains representing 4 IAV subtypes. Explants from the 3 species showed similar IAV infection kinetics with peak viral titers 48-72 hours post-inoculation that increased by 2-4 log[SUB]10[/SUB] plaque forming units (PFU)/explant relative to the inoculum. Immunohistochemistry localized IAV infection to apical epithelial cells. These results demonstrate that respiratory tissue explants from wild marine mammals support IAV infection. In the absence of the ability to perform experimental infections of marine mammals, this ex vivo culture of respiratory tissues mirrors the in vivo environment and serves as a tool to study IAV susceptibility, host-range, and tissue tropism. Importance Although influenza A virus can infect marine mammals, a dearth of marine mammal cell lines and ethical and logistical challenges prohibiting experimental infections of living marine mammals means that little is known about IAV infection kinetics in these species. We circumvented these limitations by adapting a respiratory tract explant model first to establish the approach with rhesus macaques and then for use with explants from wild marine mammals euthanized for non-respiratory medical conditions. We observed that multiple strains representing 4 IAV subtypes infected trachea, bronchi, and lungs of macaques and marine mammals with variable peak titers and kinetics. This ex vivo model can define infection dynamics for IAV in marine mammals. Further, use of explants from animals euthanized for other reasons reduces use of animals in research.