tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
J Virol
. 2025 Apr 15:e0229024.
doi: 10.1128/jvi.02290-24. Online ahead of print. ARNAX is an ideal adjuvant for COVID-19 vaccines to enhance antigen-specific CD4[SUP]+[/SUP] and CD8[SUP]+[/SUP] T-cell responses and neutralizing antibody induction
Tomomi Kawakita[SUP] 1 2 3 [/SUP], Toshiki Sekiya[SUP] 2 3 4 5 [/SUP], Yayoi Kameda[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Naoki Nomura[SUP] 3 7 [/SUP], Marumi Ohno[SUP] 2 3 8 [/SUP], Chimuka Handabile[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Akari Yamaya[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Hideo Fukuhara[SUP] 2 10 [/SUP], Yuki Anraku[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Shunsuke Kita[SUP] 2 11 [/SUP], Shinsuke Toba[SUP] 12 13 [/SUP], Hirotake Tsukamoto[SUP] 14 [/SUP], Tomohiro Sawa[SUP] 15 [/SUP], Hiroyuki Oshiumi[SUP] 16 [/SUP], Yasushi Itoh[SUP] 17 [/SUP], Katsumi Maenaka[SUP] 2 10 11 18 [/SUP], Akihiko Sato[SUP] 2 12 13 [/SUP], Hirofumi Sawa[SUP] 2 4 8 13 [/SUP], Yasuhiko Suzuki[SUP] 2 6 [/SUP], Lorena E Brown[SUP] 4 5 [/SUP], David C Jackson[SUP] 4 5 [/SUP], Hiroshi Kida[SUP] 1 2 3 4 [/SUP], Misako Matsumoto[SUP] 1 9 19 [/SUP], Tsukasa Seya[SUP] 1 9 19 [/SUP], Masashi Shingai[SUP] 1 2 3 4 [/SUP]
Affiliations
ARNAX is a synthetic nucleotide-based Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand that specifically stimulates the TLR3/TIR domain-containing adaptor molecule 1 (TICAM-1) pathway without activating inflammatory responses. ARNAX activates cellular immunity via cross-presentation; hence, its practical application has been demonstrated in cancer immunotherapy. Given the importance of cellular immunity in virus infections, ARNAX is expected to be a more effective vaccine adjuvant for virus infections than alum, an adjuvant approved for human use that mainly enhances humoral immunity. In the present study, the trimeric recombinant spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was prepared as a vaccine antigen and formulated with ARNAX. When T-cell and neutralizing antibody responses were evaluated in immunized mice, antigen formulated with ARNAX generated significantly larger numbers of antigenspecific CD4[SUP]+[/SUP] and CD8[SUP]+[/SUP] T cells, as well as higher titers of neutralizing antibodies, compared to antigen alone or antigen formulated with alum. In experiments where immunized mice were challenged with a SARS-CoV-2 mouse-adapted virus derived from the ancestral strain, immunization with antigen formulated with ARNAX reduced virus titers in the lungs at 3 days post-infection to a much greater extent than did immunization with either antigen alone or that formulated with alum. These results show that ARNAX potently enhances the levels of both cellular and humoral immunity above those seen with alum, providing significantly greater viral clearing responses. Thus, ARNAX may act as a useful adjuvant for prophylactic vaccines, particularly for viral infectious diseases.
Importance: Cellular immunity is a critical immunological defense system against virus infections. However, aluminum salts, the most widely used adjuvant for vaccines for human use, do not promote strong cellular immunity. To prepare for the next pandemic of viral origin, the development of Th1-type adjuvants with low adverse reactions that induce cellular immunity is necessary. ARNAX is a TLR3 agonist consisting of DNA-RNA hybrid nucleic acid, which is expected to be an adjuvant that induces cellular immunity. The present study using a coronavirus disease 2019 mouse model demonstrated that ARNAX potently induces cellular immunity in addition to humoral immunity with minimal induction of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, ARNAX has the potential to be used as a potent and welltolerated adjuvant for vaccines against pandemic viruses emerging in the future.
Keywords: ARNAX; COVID-19; TLR3; adjuvant.
. 2025 Apr 15:e0229024.
doi: 10.1128/jvi.02290-24. Online ahead of print. ARNAX is an ideal adjuvant for COVID-19 vaccines to enhance antigen-specific CD4[SUP]+[/SUP] and CD8[SUP]+[/SUP] T-cell responses and neutralizing antibody induction
Tomomi Kawakita[SUP] 1 2 3 [/SUP], Toshiki Sekiya[SUP] 2 3 4 5 [/SUP], Yayoi Kameda[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Naoki Nomura[SUP] 3 7 [/SUP], Marumi Ohno[SUP] 2 3 8 [/SUP], Chimuka Handabile[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Akari Yamaya[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Hideo Fukuhara[SUP] 2 10 [/SUP], Yuki Anraku[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Shunsuke Kita[SUP] 2 11 [/SUP], Shinsuke Toba[SUP] 12 13 [/SUP], Hirotake Tsukamoto[SUP] 14 [/SUP], Tomohiro Sawa[SUP] 15 [/SUP], Hiroyuki Oshiumi[SUP] 16 [/SUP], Yasushi Itoh[SUP] 17 [/SUP], Katsumi Maenaka[SUP] 2 10 11 18 [/SUP], Akihiko Sato[SUP] 2 12 13 [/SUP], Hirofumi Sawa[SUP] 2 4 8 13 [/SUP], Yasuhiko Suzuki[SUP] 2 6 [/SUP], Lorena E Brown[SUP] 4 5 [/SUP], David C Jackson[SUP] 4 5 [/SUP], Hiroshi Kida[SUP] 1 2 3 4 [/SUP], Misako Matsumoto[SUP] 1 9 19 [/SUP], Tsukasa Seya[SUP] 1 9 19 [/SUP], Masashi Shingai[SUP] 1 2 3 4 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 40231823
- DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02290-24
ARNAX is a synthetic nucleotide-based Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand that specifically stimulates the TLR3/TIR domain-containing adaptor molecule 1 (TICAM-1) pathway without activating inflammatory responses. ARNAX activates cellular immunity via cross-presentation; hence, its practical application has been demonstrated in cancer immunotherapy. Given the importance of cellular immunity in virus infections, ARNAX is expected to be a more effective vaccine adjuvant for virus infections than alum, an adjuvant approved for human use that mainly enhances humoral immunity. In the present study, the trimeric recombinant spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was prepared as a vaccine antigen and formulated with ARNAX. When T-cell and neutralizing antibody responses were evaluated in immunized mice, antigen formulated with ARNAX generated significantly larger numbers of antigenspecific CD4[SUP]+[/SUP] and CD8[SUP]+[/SUP] T cells, as well as higher titers of neutralizing antibodies, compared to antigen alone or antigen formulated with alum. In experiments where immunized mice were challenged with a SARS-CoV-2 mouse-adapted virus derived from the ancestral strain, immunization with antigen formulated with ARNAX reduced virus titers in the lungs at 3 days post-infection to a much greater extent than did immunization with either antigen alone or that formulated with alum. These results show that ARNAX potently enhances the levels of both cellular and humoral immunity above those seen with alum, providing significantly greater viral clearing responses. Thus, ARNAX may act as a useful adjuvant for prophylactic vaccines, particularly for viral infectious diseases.
Importance: Cellular immunity is a critical immunological defense system against virus infections. However, aluminum salts, the most widely used adjuvant for vaccines for human use, do not promote strong cellular immunity. To prepare for the next pandemic of viral origin, the development of Th1-type adjuvants with low adverse reactions that induce cellular immunity is necessary. ARNAX is a TLR3 agonist consisting of DNA-RNA hybrid nucleic acid, which is expected to be an adjuvant that induces cellular immunity. The present study using a coronavirus disease 2019 mouse model demonstrated that ARNAX potently induces cellular immunity in addition to humoral immunity with minimal induction of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, ARNAX has the potential to be used as a potent and welltolerated adjuvant for vaccines against pandemic viruses emerging in the future.
Keywords: ARNAX; COVID-19; TLR3; adjuvant.