tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
J Virol
. 2020 Sep 30;JVI.01453-20.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.01453-20. Online ahead of print.
A heterogenous swine show circuit drives zoonotic transmission of influenza A viruses in the United States
Martha I Nelson[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Amanda Perofsky[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Dillon S McBride[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Benjamin L Rambo-Martin[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Malania M Wilson[SUP] 3 [/SUP], John R Barnes[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Harm van Bakel[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Zenab Khan[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Jayeeta Dutta[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Jacqueline M Nolting[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Andrew S Bowman[SUP] 5 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Influenza pandemics are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, and social and economic disruption. Every summer in the United States, youths attending agricultural fairs are exposed to genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulating in exhibition swine, resulting in over 450 lab-confirmed zoonotic infections since 2010. Exhibition swine represent a small, defined population (∼1.5% of the US herd), presenting a realistic opportunity to mitigate a pandemic threat by reducing IAV transmission in the animals themselves. Through intensive surveillance and genetic sequencing of IAVs in exhibition swine in six US states in 2018 (n = 212), we characterize how a heterogenous circuit of swine shows, comprised of fairs with different sizes and geographic coverage, facilitates IAV transmission among exhibition swine and into humans. Specifically, we identify the role of an early-season national show in the propagation and spatial dissemination of a specific virus (H1δ-2) that becomes dominant among exhibition swine and is associated with the majority of zoonotic infections in 2018. These findings suggest that a highly targeted mitigation strategy, such as postponing swine shows for 1-2 weeks following the early-season national show, could potentially reduce IAV transmission in exhibition swine and spillover into humans, and merits further study.IMPORTANCE The varying influenza A virus (IAV) exposure and infection status of individual swine facilitates introduction, transmission, and dissemination of diverse IAVs. Since agricultural fairs bring people into intimate contact with swine is provides a unique interface for zoonotic transmission of IAV. Understanding the transmission dynamics of IAV through exhibition swine is critical to mitigating the high incidence of variant IAV cases reported in association with agricultural fairs. We used genomic sequences from our exhibition swine surveillance to characterize the hemagglutinin and full genotypic diversity of IAV at early season shows and the subsequent dissemination through later season agricultural fairs. We were able to identify a critical time point with large implications for downstream IAV and zoonotic transmission. With improved understanding of evolutionary origins of zoonotic IAV, we can inform public health mitigation strategies to ultimately reduce zoonotic IAV transmission and risk of pandemic IAV emergence.
. 2020 Sep 30;JVI.01453-20.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.01453-20. Online ahead of print.
A heterogenous swine show circuit drives zoonotic transmission of influenza A viruses in the United States
Martha I Nelson[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Amanda Perofsky[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Dillon S McBride[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Benjamin L Rambo-Martin[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Malania M Wilson[SUP] 3 [/SUP], John R Barnes[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Harm van Bakel[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Zenab Khan[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Jayeeta Dutta[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Jacqueline M Nolting[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Andrew S Bowman[SUP] 5 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 32999022
- DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01453-20
Abstract
Influenza pandemics are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, and social and economic disruption. Every summer in the United States, youths attending agricultural fairs are exposed to genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulating in exhibition swine, resulting in over 450 lab-confirmed zoonotic infections since 2010. Exhibition swine represent a small, defined population (∼1.5% of the US herd), presenting a realistic opportunity to mitigate a pandemic threat by reducing IAV transmission in the animals themselves. Through intensive surveillance and genetic sequencing of IAVs in exhibition swine in six US states in 2018 (n = 212), we characterize how a heterogenous circuit of swine shows, comprised of fairs with different sizes and geographic coverage, facilitates IAV transmission among exhibition swine and into humans. Specifically, we identify the role of an early-season national show in the propagation and spatial dissemination of a specific virus (H1δ-2) that becomes dominant among exhibition swine and is associated with the majority of zoonotic infections in 2018. These findings suggest that a highly targeted mitigation strategy, such as postponing swine shows for 1-2 weeks following the early-season national show, could potentially reduce IAV transmission in exhibition swine and spillover into humans, and merits further study.IMPORTANCE The varying influenza A virus (IAV) exposure and infection status of individual swine facilitates introduction, transmission, and dissemination of diverse IAVs. Since agricultural fairs bring people into intimate contact with swine is provides a unique interface for zoonotic transmission of IAV. Understanding the transmission dynamics of IAV through exhibition swine is critical to mitigating the high incidence of variant IAV cases reported in association with agricultural fairs. We used genomic sequences from our exhibition swine surveillance to characterize the hemagglutinin and full genotypic diversity of IAV at early season shows and the subsequent dissemination through later season agricultural fairs. We were able to identify a critical time point with large implications for downstream IAV and zoonotic transmission. With improved understanding of evolutionary origins of zoonotic IAV, we can inform public health mitigation strategies to ultimately reduce zoonotic IAV transmission and risk of pandemic IAV emergence.