tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
J Clin Med
. 2022 Dec 9;11(24):7314.
doi: 10.3390/jcm11247314.
Age, Sex and Previous Comorbidities as Risk Factors Not Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection for Long COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Kin Israel Notarte[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maria Helena Santos de Oliveira[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Princess Juneire Peligro[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Jacqueline Veronica Velasco[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Imee Macaranas[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Abbygail Therese Ver[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Flos Carmeli Pangilinan[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Adriel Pastrana[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Nathaniel Goldrich[SUP] 4 [/SUP], David Kavteladze[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Ma Margarita Leticia Gellaco[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Jin Liu[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Giuseppe Lippi[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Brandon Michael Henry[SUP] 7 [/SUP], César Fernández-de-Las-Peñas[SUP] 8 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Identification of predictors of long COVID-19 is essential for managing healthcare plans of patients. This systematic literature review and meta-analysis aimed to identify risk factors not associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but rather potentially predictive of the development of long COVID-19. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases, as well as medRxiv and bioRxiv preprint servers were screened through 15 September 2022. Peer-reviewed studies or preprints evaluating potential pre-SARS-CoV-2 infection risk factors for the development of long-lasting symptoms were included. The methodological quality was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPSs) tool. Random-effects meta-analyses with calculation of odds ratio (OR) were performed in those risk factors where a homogenous long COVID-19 definition was used. From 1978 studies identified, 37 peer-reviewed studies and one preprint were included. Eighteen articles evaluated age, sixteen articles evaluated sex, and twelve evaluated medical comorbidities as risk factors of long COVID-19. Overall, single studies reported that old age seems to be associated with long COVID-19 symptoms (n = 18); however, the meta-analysis did not reveal an association between old age and long COVID-19 (n = 3; OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.03, p = 0.17). Similarly, single studies revealed that female sex was associated with long COVID-19 symptoms (n = 16); which was confirmed in the meta-analysis (n = 7; OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.86, p = 0.01). Finally, medical comorbidities such as pulmonary disease (n = 4), diabetes (n = 1), obesity (n = 6), and organ transplantation (n = 1) were also identified as potential risk factors for long COVID-19. The risk of bias of most studies (71%, n = 27/38) was moderate or high. In conclusion, pooled evidence did not support an association between advancing age and long COVID-19 but supported that female sex is a risk factor for long COVID-19. Long COVID-19 was also associated with some previous medical comorbidities.
Keywords: age; co-morbidity; long COVID-19 symptoms; post-COVID-19 condition; risk factors; sex.
. 2022 Dec 9;11(24):7314.
doi: 10.3390/jcm11247314.
Age, Sex and Previous Comorbidities as Risk Factors Not Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection for Long COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Kin Israel Notarte[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maria Helena Santos de Oliveira[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Princess Juneire Peligro[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Jacqueline Veronica Velasco[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Imee Macaranas[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Abbygail Therese Ver[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Flos Carmeli Pangilinan[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Adriel Pastrana[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Nathaniel Goldrich[SUP] 4 [/SUP], David Kavteladze[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Ma Margarita Leticia Gellaco[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Jin Liu[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Giuseppe Lippi[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Brandon Michael Henry[SUP] 7 [/SUP], César Fernández-de-Las-Peñas[SUP] 8 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 36555931
- DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247314
Abstract
Identification of predictors of long COVID-19 is essential for managing healthcare plans of patients. This systematic literature review and meta-analysis aimed to identify risk factors not associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but rather potentially predictive of the development of long COVID-19. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases, as well as medRxiv and bioRxiv preprint servers were screened through 15 September 2022. Peer-reviewed studies or preprints evaluating potential pre-SARS-CoV-2 infection risk factors for the development of long-lasting symptoms were included. The methodological quality was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPSs) tool. Random-effects meta-analyses with calculation of odds ratio (OR) were performed in those risk factors where a homogenous long COVID-19 definition was used. From 1978 studies identified, 37 peer-reviewed studies and one preprint were included. Eighteen articles evaluated age, sixteen articles evaluated sex, and twelve evaluated medical comorbidities as risk factors of long COVID-19. Overall, single studies reported that old age seems to be associated with long COVID-19 symptoms (n = 18); however, the meta-analysis did not reveal an association between old age and long COVID-19 (n = 3; OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.03, p = 0.17). Similarly, single studies revealed that female sex was associated with long COVID-19 symptoms (n = 16); which was confirmed in the meta-analysis (n = 7; OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.86, p = 0.01). Finally, medical comorbidities such as pulmonary disease (n = 4), diabetes (n = 1), obesity (n = 6), and organ transplantation (n = 1) were also identified as potential risk factors for long COVID-19. The risk of bias of most studies (71%, n = 27/38) was moderate or high. In conclusion, pooled evidence did not support an association between advancing age and long COVID-19 but supported that female sex is a risk factor for long COVID-19. Long COVID-19 was also associated with some previous medical comorbidities.
Keywords: age; co-morbidity; long COVID-19 symptoms; post-COVID-19 condition; risk factors; sex.