tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
J Virol. 2013 Nov 13. [Epub ahead of print]
Inosine-Mediated Modulation of RNA Sensing by TLR7/8.
Sarvestani ST, Tate MD, Moffat JM, Jacobi AM, Behlke MA, Miller AR, Beckham SA, McCoy CE, Chen W, Mintern JD, O'Keeffe M, John M, Williams BR, Gantier MP.
Source
Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
Abstract
RNA-specific adenosine-deaminase (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) editing is a critical arm of the antiviral response. However, mechanistic insights into how A-to-I RNA editing affects viral infection are lacking. We posited that inosine incorporation into RNA facilitates sensing of non-self RNA by innate immune sensors, and accordingly investigated the impact of inosine-modified RNA on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 sensing. Inosine incorporation into synthetic single-stranded (ss) RNA potentiated tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) or interferon α (IFN-α) production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), in a sequence-dependent manner, indicative of TLR7/8 recruitment. The effect of inosine incorporation on TLR7/8 sensing was restricted to immunostimulatory ssRNAs, and was not seen with inosine-containing short double-stranded RNAs, nor with a deoxy-inosine-modified ssRNA. Inosine-mediated increase of self-secondary structure of an ssRNA resulted in potentiated IFN-α production in human PBMCs through TLR7 recruitment, as established through the use of a TLR7 antagonist and Tlr7-deficient cells. There was a correlation between hyper-editing of influenza A viral ssRNA and its ability to stimulate TNF-α, independent of 5' -triphosphate residues, and involving Adar-1. Furthermore, A-to-I editing of viral ssRNA directly enhanced mouse Tlr7 sensing, when present in proportions reproducing biologically relevant levels of RNA editing. Thus we demonstrate for the first time that inosine incorporation into immunostimulatory ssRNA can potentiate TLR7/8 activation. Our results suggest a novel function of A-to-I RNA editing, which is to facilitate TLR7/8 sensing of phagocytosed viral RNA.
PMID:
24227841
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24227841
Inosine-Mediated Modulation of RNA Sensing by TLR7/8.
Sarvestani ST, Tate MD, Moffat JM, Jacobi AM, Behlke MA, Miller AR, Beckham SA, McCoy CE, Chen W, Mintern JD, O'Keeffe M, John M, Williams BR, Gantier MP.
Source
Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
Abstract
RNA-specific adenosine-deaminase (ADAR)-mediated adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) editing is a critical arm of the antiviral response. However, mechanistic insights into how A-to-I RNA editing affects viral infection are lacking. We posited that inosine incorporation into RNA facilitates sensing of non-self RNA by innate immune sensors, and accordingly investigated the impact of inosine-modified RNA on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 sensing. Inosine incorporation into synthetic single-stranded (ss) RNA potentiated tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) or interferon α (IFN-α) production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), in a sequence-dependent manner, indicative of TLR7/8 recruitment. The effect of inosine incorporation on TLR7/8 sensing was restricted to immunostimulatory ssRNAs, and was not seen with inosine-containing short double-stranded RNAs, nor with a deoxy-inosine-modified ssRNA. Inosine-mediated increase of self-secondary structure of an ssRNA resulted in potentiated IFN-α production in human PBMCs through TLR7 recruitment, as established through the use of a TLR7 antagonist and Tlr7-deficient cells. There was a correlation between hyper-editing of influenza A viral ssRNA and its ability to stimulate TNF-α, independent of 5' -triphosphate residues, and involving Adar-1. Furthermore, A-to-I editing of viral ssRNA directly enhanced mouse Tlr7 sensing, when present in proportions reproducing biologically relevant levels of RNA editing. Thus we demonstrate for the first time that inosine incorporation into immunostimulatory ssRNA can potentiate TLR7/8 activation. Our results suggest a novel function of A-to-I RNA editing, which is to facilitate TLR7/8 sensing of phagocytosed viral RNA.
PMID:
24227841
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24227841