tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Immun Inflamm Dis
. 2024 Jul;12(7):e1305.
doi: 10.1002/iid3.1305. Persistence of lung structural and functional alterations at one year post-COVID-19 is associated with increased serum PD-L2 levels and altered CD4/CD8 ratio
Ivette Buendia-Roldan[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Karen Martínez-Espinosa[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maria-Jose Aguirre[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Hiram Aguilar-Duran[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Alexia Palma-Lopez[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Yadira Palacios[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Andy Ruiz[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Lucero A Ramón-Luing[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ranferi Ocaña-Guzmán[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Gloria Pérez-Rubio[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ramcés Falfán-Valencia[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Moisés Selman[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Leslie Chavez-Galan[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Background: Persistent respiratory symptoms and lung abnormalities post-COVID-19 are public health problems. This study evaluated biomarkers to stratify high-risk patients to the development or persistence of post-COVID-19 interstitial lung disease.
Methods: One hundred eighteen patients discharged with residual lung abnormalities compatible with interstitial lung disease (COVID-ILD patients) after a severe COVID-19 were followed for 1 year (post-COVID-ILD patients). Physical examination, pulmonary function tests, and chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were performed. Soluble forms (s) of PD-L1, PD-L2, TIM-3, and GAL-9 were evaluated in serum and cell culture supernatant, as well as T-cells subsets and the transmembrane expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on the cell surface.
Results: Eighty percent of the post-COVID-ILD patients normalized their lung function at 1-year follow-up, 8% presented COVID-independent ILD, and 12% still showed functional and HRCT alterations. PD-L2 levels were heterogeneous during acute COVID-19 (aCOVID); patients who increased (at least 30%) their sPD-L2 levels at 1 year post-COVID-19 and exhibited altered CD4/CD8 ratio showed persistence of chest tomographic and functional alterations. By contrast, patients who decreased sPD-L2 displayed a complete lung recovery. sPD-L1, sTIM-3, and sGAL-9 increased significantly during aCOVID and decreased in all patients after 1-year follow-up.
Conclusion: Increased sPD-L2 and an altered CD4/CD8 ratio after 12 months of aCOVID are associated with the persistence of lung lesions, suggesting that they may contribute to lung damage post-COVID-19.
Keywords: COVID‐19; biomarkers; follow‐up; interstitial lung; post‐COVID‐19; soluble PD‐L2.
. 2024 Jul;12(7):e1305.
doi: 10.1002/iid3.1305. Persistence of lung structural and functional alterations at one year post-COVID-19 is associated with increased serum PD-L2 levels and altered CD4/CD8 ratio
Ivette Buendia-Roldan[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Karen Martínez-Espinosa[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maria-Jose Aguirre[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Hiram Aguilar-Duran[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Alexia Palma-Lopez[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Yadira Palacios[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Andy Ruiz[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Lucero A Ramón-Luing[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ranferi Ocaña-Guzmán[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Gloria Pérez-Rubio[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ramcés Falfán-Valencia[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Moisés Selman[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Leslie Chavez-Galan[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 39031504
- PMCID: PMC11259001
- DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1305
Background: Persistent respiratory symptoms and lung abnormalities post-COVID-19 are public health problems. This study evaluated biomarkers to stratify high-risk patients to the development or persistence of post-COVID-19 interstitial lung disease.
Methods: One hundred eighteen patients discharged with residual lung abnormalities compatible with interstitial lung disease (COVID-ILD patients) after a severe COVID-19 were followed for 1 year (post-COVID-ILD patients). Physical examination, pulmonary function tests, and chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were performed. Soluble forms (s) of PD-L1, PD-L2, TIM-3, and GAL-9 were evaluated in serum and cell culture supernatant, as well as T-cells subsets and the transmembrane expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on the cell surface.
Results: Eighty percent of the post-COVID-ILD patients normalized their lung function at 1-year follow-up, 8% presented COVID-independent ILD, and 12% still showed functional and HRCT alterations. PD-L2 levels were heterogeneous during acute COVID-19 (aCOVID); patients who increased (at least 30%) their sPD-L2 levels at 1 year post-COVID-19 and exhibited altered CD4/CD8 ratio showed persistence of chest tomographic and functional alterations. By contrast, patients who decreased sPD-L2 displayed a complete lung recovery. sPD-L1, sTIM-3, and sGAL-9 increased significantly during aCOVID and decreased in all patients after 1-year follow-up.
Conclusion: Increased sPD-L2 and an altered CD4/CD8 ratio after 12 months of aCOVID are associated with the persistence of lung lesions, suggesting that they may contribute to lung damage post-COVID-19.
Keywords: COVID‐19; biomarkers; follow‐up; interstitial lung; post‐COVID‐19; soluble PD‐L2.