Hirsch , 1883 Handbook of Historical and Geographical Pathology

[gsgs]

Handbook of Historical and Geographical Pathology
often quoted in 2006/7, now available online
English translation

volume 1:

http://www.archive.org/stream/handbookgeograp05hirsgoog/handbookgeograp05hirsgoog_djvu.txt

http://www.archive.org/details/handbookgeograp05hirsgoog

I have it as text, bad OCR
(I can't yet get it as .pdf or print it)


Chapter 1: Influenza , pages 7-57
with an extensive list of historic outbreaks


------------------------------

volume 2
http://www.archive.org/details/handbookofgeogra02hirs
(nonflu)

English translation

full text, 1.8MB , >675 pages:
http://www.archive.org/stream/handbookofgeogra02hirs/handbookofgeogra02hirs_djvu.txt
also available as pdf

-----------------------------------


they think it's independent of whether, they often got it in summer
they doubt it's contagious !! page 36
it travels too fast for h2h
simultaneous outbreaks in horses and dogs

 

[gsgs]

Re: Hirsch , 1883 Handbook of Historical and Geographical Pathology

Hirsch refers to a book by Thompson from ~1850
about descriptions of early influenza epidemics (or whatever it was)
in England (1510-1850) which is also available for online-reading

http://books.google.de/books/about/...mic_catarrha.html?id=vUEJAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y

http://books.google.de/books?id=vUEJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3&hl=de&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false

I'm not sure whether they removed some pages and I can't get it
as .pdf and the left instructions (in German) run into the page
so only a small part is visible at a time.
This may be deliberate for some "obscure copyright" reason,
to prevent people from saving and printing and searching it,
I'm not sure.

the 1510 pandemic (called Coccoluche or Coccolucio)
came from the island of Melite in Africa (Malta ?)
into Sicily

100% infected, noone died

1557 came from Asia through Konstantinopel into Europe
same symptoms

 

[gsgs]

Re: Hirsch , 1883 Handbook of Historical and Geographical Pathology

OK, lots of other old "google-books" are available now.
(since when ?)

reading, downloading, reformatting them is a bit difficult and sometimes
impossible (or forbidden ?)

we need a lesson about the features and possibilities

who is already familiar with it and can say something ?


this looks like a big source (judging from google search
for some keywords) of old texts

------------------------------------
when reading the book online,
leftclick on the "wheel" (6 indents circle) on the top right to get
a menu of format-options
--------------------------------------------------

Thank you for your enquiry, JISC Collections membership is currently only available
to all UK government funded colleges and universities.

-----------------------------------------------------

 

[mixin]

Re: Hirsch , 1883 Handbook of Historical and Geographical Pathology

There was a lot of interesting reading in the Hirsch book. I can't get the copy/paste function to work unfortunately.

He made a good record of the influenza pandemics:

Eastern and/or Western pandemic years: 1510, 1557, 1580. 1593, 1732-33, 1767, 1781-82, 1802-03, 1830-33, 1836-37, 1847-48, 1850-51, 1855, 1857-58 and 1874-75. Those exclusively in the Western Hemisphere: 1647, 1737-38, 1757-58, 1761-62, 1789-90, 1798, 1807, 1815-16, 1824-26, 1843 and 1873. Widely prevalent over large tracts of country: Germany in 1591, 1658, 1675, 1800, 1841 and 1844. France in 1737, 1775, 1779. West Indies in 1805.

The outbreaks on ships are sometimes puzzling; especially this first one. Approximately 19 days passed without any signs of illness?

1847: Influenza broke out on the Monarch while at sea, on the passage from Payta to Valparaiso. She had left the former place on the 23rd of August and arrived at the latter on the last day of September. About the 12th of the month...7 men were placed on the sick list with catarrhal symptoms and during the following 10 days, upwards of 80 were added.

Chaumeriere, Feb 1863, 4 days after leaving the harbour of Goree, Senegambia: not a trace of the disease had shown itself in the towm, while another ship of war that left Goree 2 days earlier and took the same course arrived in the harbour of Brest without having a single came of influenza on board.

In other and still more interesting cases, the disease has appeared at a time when it was generally prevalent on land, among the crews of ships on the high seas which had not previously communicated with the infected shore; and those outbreaks befell at the same time as the outbreaks of influenza on the coasts nearest to the position of the ships.

Sept, 1781, influenza attacked the crew of an East Indiaman on the voyage from Malacca to Canton, so generally that scarcely a single person escapes; when the left Malacca, the disease was not prevalent there, but when they arrived at Canton, it transpired that their outbreak on board, in the China Sea, had happened at the very time the disease was showing itself in equal intensity at Canton.

On board the fleet of Amdiral Kempenfledt, which had sailed from Spithead on the 2nd of May, 1782, influenza broke out at the end of the month with such intensity that the ships were obliged to return to port in the second week of June; they had not been in communication with any part of the coast; but had been cruising in the high sea between Brest and the Lizard.

 

[gsgs]

Re: Hirsch , 1883 Handbook of Historical and Geographical Pathology

the reports from ships 1789 seem to be from a dissertation by Robert Johnson
Robert johnson dissertation University of PA,1793
mentioned by Shope, but no reference was given.
Is it available ? Library of that University ?


Shope:
1957-flu started in late February in Kweichow-province in SW-China
Yunnan early March, all China end March

prostrative illness with sudden onset and febrile course of 4-5 days



Dr. Gl Himly, Darstellung der Grippe vom Jahre 1782, ihre Symptome und
Behandlung. Hannover 1833- Nr

http://books.google.de/books?id=j9I...ppe vom Jahre 1782, ihre Symptome und&f=false

(in German)
about the flu of 1782, translated from reports of English surgeons

----------------------------

Himly gives a few more details about the ships
and extensively about the spread and the symptoms, which he also compares
with 1767. (well, he mainly translates what the British Doctors had reported in 1783,
published Colledge of physicians, London 1785)
but also experiences from Hannover regiments
(well, maybe Hannover was English at that time)
quotes an excellent work by
Wittwer (or such) : über den jüngsten epidemischen Katarrh, Nürnberg 1782

which I found here:
http://www.bsb-muenchen-digital.de/...l?digID=bsb10475474&pimage=1&v=pdf&nav=0&l=de

(in German)

Wittwer in 1782 gives an extensive report on 97 pages.
He was doctor in Nuremberg in the 1782 pandemic, describes symptoms and treatment.
>75% of the population got it
In the 2nd half he also searched the literature for previous flu-(?) epidemics.
The most detailed review about early flu-history that I found so far with
many references, most in German or Latin.

Early Italian sources, in England : Sydenham

most obviously they had not yearly recurring "seasonal" epidemics
but rather pandemic-like eruptions, even traveling in summer since one winter
was not sufficient to spread it. These epidemics/pandemics found an immunologically
naive population (other than seasonal flu today) and almost everyone was infected.
It quickly disappeared then after a few weeks (most people infected, immune now (?))
and traveled to other places.

 

[mixin]

Re: Hirsch , 1883 Handbook of Historical and Geographical Pathology

Hirsch indicated that they were able to identify actual influenza versus other diseases and I've seen it said that the ships kept very good records.

To clarify that sentence: there was no actual identification but there seemed to be agreement as to what ones were flu pandemics when compared to other diseases.

So, how can we now explain these odd ship reports?

(I haven't been able to find the Robert Johnson paper.)

 

[gsgs]

Re: Hirsch , 1883 Handbook of Historical and Geographical Pathology

Sept.1790 Canton,~Coromandel,Bengalen (East India Coast)
Nov.1791 British Army at Negapatam (SE India coast)
Dec.1791 first cases in Petersburg
Jan.1792 widespread in Moscow and Petersburg
~Feb.25 Riga
Mar.3 Polungen, Prussia Russian border
Mar.8 Königsberg
~Mar.11 Elbing,Danzig,Posen
Mar.23 Constantinopel
~Apr.10 London(?,s.u.),Copenhagen,Berlin
~Apr.10 Vienna
~Apr.24 first cases in Hannover
~Apr.27 Hamburg,Brunswig
~Apr.27 Newcastle on Thyne
May.2 Kampenfeldt fleet departs from Spithead
May.7 Howe fleet departs
~May 15 London,Norwich,St.Edmundsburg(Suffolk),Hadleigh(Suffolk)
~May.20 Kingston,Gullford(Gurry),Oxford,Edinburgh,West-Cornwall
May Portsmouth
May.26 Chester
May.30 Plymouth
~Jun.3 Glasgow
~Jun.5 York,Liverpool
~Jun.9 Muffelburgh,5miles S. of Edinburgh)

often 1,2,even 3 returns per location
never lasted more than 8 weeks,
apparently no returns after that for years

presumably the strain died or survived elsewhere
then came a new strain in the next pandemic/epidemic
or the young people born later had no immunity


London,May.15,Oxfort 3rd week in May, Edinburgh May.20 ---> Johnson
concludes it doesn't spread h2h alone.
Well, maybe it could have come to Edinburgh by ship from Copenhagen where it was early April
or Hamburg where it was end April
and Newcastle not far from Edinburgh had an early entry in late April
Maybe there was a direct ship from Petersburg to Newcastle
Liverpool on the West-Coast was latest

13 days to travel on land from Edinburgh to Glasgow, 60km , 5km per day by horse


the spread by humans along travel-routes is so obvious that I don't understand how
they could doubt it's contagious

 

[gsgs]

Re: Hirsch , 1883 Handbook of Historical and Geographical Pathology

on the ships, I think they may have had asymptomatic carriers
or sailor who had it before (1790,1791) and then in 1792
only had it mildly
or immuno-compromised sailors with longterm infection
(weeks,months)

or animals or foodborne (less likely, IMO)

 

[gsgs]

Re: Hirsch , 1883 Handbook of Historical and Geographical Pathology

another flu-book partially online now:

Pyle,1986

http://books.google.de/books?id=7w-...page&q=pyle the diffusion of influenza&f=true

1580 went South-North in 6 months through Europe
1732,1781,1890 went East-->West through Europe in 4-8 months
1803 started in France and spread radially from there (Napoleon ?)

--------------------------------------------

 

[gsgs]

Re: Hirsch , 1883 Handbook of Historical and Geographical Pathology

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1654689/
THE CALIFORNIA PANDEMIC OF 1833
C.Hart Merriam, in a recent (1925) paper on the Indian population
of California, places it at 260000 at the time of discovery,
reduced to 210000 by 1834, and again to 100000 by 1849.
In 1920 it was 17360.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/75461195/American-Indian-Holocaust-and-Survival
(loads slowly)

has a chart showing that the
American Indian population decreased
from 5M in 1492 to 200000 in 1900
and recovered to 1M in 1980

---------------------------------------------

http://books.google.de/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA459&lpg=PA459&dq="#v=onepage&q&f=false
encyclopedia of plague and pestilence, Kohn,1995 , 529 pages

 

[gsgs]

Re: Hirsch , 1883 Handbook of Historical and Geographical Pathology

Vaughan, 1921


good protection from wave to wave within 3 months, then slowly wanes
http://archive.org/details/influenzaepidemi00vauguoft
V. C.Vaughan reports that at Camp Shelby, Hattiesburg, Miss.,
there was in April 1918 a division of troops numbering about 26,000.
An epidemic of mild influenza struck this camp in April, 1918,and within
ten days there were about 2,000 cases.
This included not only those
who were sent to the hospitals,but also those who were cared for in
barracks.
This was the only division that remained in this country
without change of station from April until the fall of 1918.
During the summer this camp received 20,000 recruits.
In October, 1918,the virulent form of influenza reached this camp.
It confined itself almost exclusively to the recruits of the summer,
and scarcely touched the men who had lived through the
epidemic of April. Not only the
2,000 who had the disease in April,but the 24,000
who apparently were not affected, escaped the fall epidemic.
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dismisses the idea that older people were spared in 1918 due to preexisting immunity
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Barry et.al. show protection in England from wave1 to wave 2
but not from wave1 or 2 to wave3