tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Front Microbiol
. 2022 Mar 2;13:846543.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846543. eCollection 2022.
Coronavirus Usurps the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway and Induces Membranes Rearrangement for Infection and Pathogenesis
Haowei Liang[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Dan Luo[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Hai Liao[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Shun Li[SUP] 1 3 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Autophagy is a crucial and conserved homeostatic mechanism for early defense against viral infections. Recent studies indicate that coronaviruses (CoVs) have evolved various strategies to evade the autophagy-lysosome pathway. In this minireview, we describe the source of double-membrane vesicles during CoV infection, which creates a microenvironment that promotes viral RNA replication and virion synthesis and protects the viral genome from detection by the host. Firstly, CoVs hijack autophagy initiation through non-structural proteins and open-reading frames, leading to the use of non-nucleated phagophores and omegasomes for autophagy-derived double-membrane vesicles. Contrastingly, membrane rearrangement by hijacking ER-associated degradation machinery to form ER-derived double-membrane vesicles independent from the typical autophagy process is another important routine for the production of double-membrane vesicles. Furthermore, we summarize the molecular mechanisms by which CoV non-structural proteins and open-reading frames are used to intercept autophagic flux and thereby evade host clearance and innate immunity. A comprehensive understanding of the above mechanisms may contribute to developing novel therapies and clinical drugs against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the future.
Keywords: autophagy-lysosome pathway; coronavirus; double membrane vesicles (DMV); membranes rearrangement; virus escape.
. 2022 Mar 2;13:846543.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846543. eCollection 2022.
Coronavirus Usurps the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway and Induces Membranes Rearrangement for Infection and Pathogenesis
Haowei Liang[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Dan Luo[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Hai Liao[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Shun Li[SUP] 1 3 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 35308399
- PMCID: PMC8924481
- DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846543
Abstract
Autophagy is a crucial and conserved homeostatic mechanism for early defense against viral infections. Recent studies indicate that coronaviruses (CoVs) have evolved various strategies to evade the autophagy-lysosome pathway. In this minireview, we describe the source of double-membrane vesicles during CoV infection, which creates a microenvironment that promotes viral RNA replication and virion synthesis and protects the viral genome from detection by the host. Firstly, CoVs hijack autophagy initiation through non-structural proteins and open-reading frames, leading to the use of non-nucleated phagophores and omegasomes for autophagy-derived double-membrane vesicles. Contrastingly, membrane rearrangement by hijacking ER-associated degradation machinery to form ER-derived double-membrane vesicles independent from the typical autophagy process is another important routine for the production of double-membrane vesicles. Furthermore, we summarize the molecular mechanisms by which CoV non-structural proteins and open-reading frames are used to intercept autophagic flux and thereby evade host clearance and innate immunity. A comprehensive understanding of the above mechanisms may contribute to developing novel therapies and clinical drugs against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the future.
Keywords: autophagy-lysosome pathway; coronavirus; double membrane vesicles (DMV); membranes rearrangement; virus escape.